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Related Concept Videos

Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Competition02:34

Competition

When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.Intraspecific competition, which occurs between individuals of the same species, serves as a natural mechanism for regulating population size. Too much...
Introduction to Learning01:18

Introduction to Learning

Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through practice or experience, leading to long-lasting behavioral changes. This acquisition occurs through interaction with the environment and requires practice or experience. For instance, mastering a skill such as surfing requires considerable practice and experience, highlighting the essential role of repeated interactions with the environment in learning.
In contrast to learned behaviors, unlearned behaviors such as crying, sexual...
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning because...
Cognitivism01:17

Cognitivism

Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
Previously dominated by behaviorism, which prioritized observable behaviors and largely ignored mental processes, psychology transformed in the 1950s. Cognitive psychologists argue that understanding how we think and process information is...

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Related Experiment Videos

The competitive imperative of learning.

Amy C Edmondson1

  • 1Harvard Bussiness School, Boston, USA. aedmondson@hbs.edu

Harvard Business Review
|August 7, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

In the knowledge economy, focusing solely on efficient execution is a myth. Embracing execution-as-learning, which prioritizes continuous improvement and psychological safety, drives innovation and financial success.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Business Strategy
  • Organizational Behavior
  • Knowledge Management

Background:

  • Many organizations prioritize efficient execution for customer satisfaction and financial gains.
  • This traditional model, focused on 'getting it right the first time,' can stifle innovation and employee contribution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the myth of execution-as-efficiency in the knowledge economy.
  • To introduce and explore the concept of execution-as-learning as a superior model for business success.
  • To identify the key components of an execution-as-learning approach.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of business case studies (e.g., General Motors vs. General Electric).
  • Examination of organizational practices that foster psychological safety and continuous improvement.
  • Identification of four distinct approaches to daily work in learning-oriented organizations.

Main Results:

  • Execution-as-efficiency models can lead to stagnation and reluctance in employees.
  • Execution-as-learning models, exemplified by companies like General Electric, foster reinvention and profitability.
  • Organizations with execution-as-learning cultivate psychological safety, enabling risk-taking and evolution.

Conclusions:

  • Execution-as-learning is a more effective strategy than execution-as-efficiency in today's knowledge economy.
  • Key practices include using dynamic knowledge, fostering collaboration, capturing process data, and continuous improvement.
  • Developing a learning infrastructure is crucial for sustained business success and adaptation.