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Related Concept Videos

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations02:05

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations

Being able to calculate equilibrium concentrations is essential to many areas of science and technology—for example, in the formulation and dosing of pharmaceutical products. After a drug is ingested or injected, it is typically involved in several chemical equilibria that affect its ultimate concentration in the body system of interest. Knowledge of the quantitative aspects of these equilibria is required to compute a dosage amount that will solicit the desired therapeutic effect.
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The equilibrium between a liquid and its vapor depends on the temperature of the system; a rise in temperature causes a corresponding rise in the vapor pressure of its liquid. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation gives the quantitative relation between a substance’s vapor pressure (P) and its temperature (T); it predicts the rate at which vapor pressure increases per unit increase in temperature.
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A balanced chemical equation provides a great deal of information in a very succinct format. Chemical formulas provide the identities of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change, allowing classification of the reaction. Coefficients provide the relative numbers of these chemical species, allowing a quantitative assessment of the relationships between the amounts of substances consumed and produced by the reaction. These quantitative relationships are known as the reaction’s...
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The theoretical yield of a reaction is the amount of product estimated to form based on the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation. The theoretical yield assumes the complete conversion of the limiting reactant into the desired product. The amount of product that is obtained by performing the reaction is called the actual yield, and it may be less than or (very rarely) equal to the theoretical yield.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Improving Student Outcomes with an Adaptable Molecular Cloning Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience
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Tl(2)CO(3) at 3.56 GPa.

A Grzechnik1, K Friese

  • 1Departamento Física Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, Apartado 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain. andrzej.grzechnik@ehu.es

Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Crystal Structure Communications
|August 7, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thallium carbonate (Tl(2)CO(3)) remains structurally stable up to 3.56 GPa, contradicting previous findings of a phase transition. Compression primarily impacts the thallium cation lone pair region.

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High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems
05:46

High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems

Published on: January 24, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Crystallography
  • High-pressure physics

Background:

  • Thallium carbonate (Tl(2)CO(3)) is an inorganic compound with potential applications.
  • Previous studies suggested a structural phase transition in Tl(2)CO(3) around 2 GPa.
  • Understanding the pressure-induced structural behavior is crucial for its material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the crystal structure and stability of thallium carbonate under high pressure.
  • To resolve discrepancies in the existing literature regarding its phase transition behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Hydrostatic single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
  • Utilized a diamond anvil cell for high-pressure measurements.
  • Performed experiments at room temperature.

Main Results:

  • Thallium carbonate (Tl(2)CO(3)) exhibits structural stability up to at least 3.56 GPa.
  • Observed no structural phase transition below 3.56 GPa, contradicting prior literature.
  • Compression primarily affects the structural region containing the thallium cation's nonbonded electron lone pairs.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure of Tl(2)CO(3) is robust under pressures up to 3.56 GPa.
  • The previously reported phase transition at 2 GPa is likely inaccurate or related to non-hydrostatic conditions.
  • The electronic lone pair on Tl(+) plays a significant role in the compression mechanism.