Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 3, 2026
07:12
Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
Published on: August 17, 2022
Primary hyperparathyroidism: a current perspective
Ronald A DeLellis1, Peter Mazzaglia, Shamlal Mangray
1Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy St, Providence, RI 02903, USA. rdelellis@lifespan.org
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
|August 8, 2008
Summary
Primary hyperparathyroidism (P-HPT) is common, often caused by adenomas. Advances in genetics and surgical techniques improve diagnosis and management of P-HPT.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Oncology
- Genetics
Background:
- Primary hyperparathyroidism (P-HPT) is a frequent endocrine disorder, predominantly caused by parathyroid adenomas (80-85%).
- Parathyroid hyperplasia and carcinoma represent less common causes (10-15% and <1%, respectively).
- Recent years have seen significant progress in understanding the molecular underpinnings of parathyroid hyperplasia and neoplasia.
Purpose of the Study:
- To comprehensively review the pathology of parathyroid lesions in P-HPT.
- To explore the molecular and genetic bases, including heritable syndromes.
- To discuss clinical diagnosis and management strategies for P-HPT.
Main Methods:
- Literature review encompassing epidemiology, pathology, radiology, and surgical aspects of P-HPT.
- Analysis of genetic alterations and molecular markers.
- Evaluation of diagnostic imaging and intraoperative monitoring techniques.
Main Results:
- Heritable causes like MEN 1, MEN 2A, and HPT-JT offer insights into sporadic parathyroid neoplasms.
- Cyclin D1 alterations and 11q LOH support clonality in adenomas/hyperplasias.
- Parafibromin (HRPT2 gene product) is implicated in sporadic parathyroid carcinomas; its loss aids diagnosis.
Conclusions:
- Genetic discoveries illuminate sporadic parathyroid tumor development.
- Advanced imaging (sestamibi, ultrasound) and intraoperative PTH assay enhance surgical precision.
- Understanding genetic factors and utilizing modern diagnostics transform P-HPT patient care.
Related Concept Videos
00:59The Parathyroid Glands
The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
01:27Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
01:25Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
01:17Hormones and Bone Tissue
The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
01:24Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
01:23Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology
Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...