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Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale
Published on: May 28, 2021
[Expression of toll-like receptors in human epidermal keratinocytes]
Su-Jun Liu1, Cai-Ping Zhang, Wu-Qing Zhou
1Department of Clinical Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, CAMS and PUMC, Nanjing 210042, China.
Objective:
To investigate the toll-like receptors (TLR) profile of human epidermal keratinocytes.
Methods:
We cultured the immortalized human epidermal keratinocyte cell line HaCaT cells and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and separated epidermis with dispase from foreskins. TLR 1-10 mRNA expression was detected with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). TLR 2 and 4 protein expressions on surface of HaCaT cells and NHEK were detected using flow cytometry.
Results:
HaCaT cells, NHEK, and epidermis all expressed TLR 1-10 mRNA with different intensity. TLR 4 protein was detected on the surfaces of HaCaT cells and NHEK, while the expression of TLR 2 protein was few.
Conclusion:
Human epidermal keratinocytes constitutively express all TLR 1-10 mRNA, which may enable human keratinocytes to respond to a wide range of pathogenic micro-organisms.
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