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Related Concept Videos

Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
EDTA: Chemistry and Properties01:22

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties

Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...
Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...

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Thermochemical Studies of Ni(II) and Zn(II) Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry
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Aqueous divalent metal-nitrate interactions: hydration versus ion pairing.

Man Xu1, James P Larentzos, Mazen Roshdy

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|August 9, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Metal nitrates like lead and magnesium interact differently with water and nitrate ions. Lead ions strongly bond with nitrate, while magnesium ions prefer hydration, showing varied ion pairing in solutions.

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Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: July 21, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Solution Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Understanding ion-pair formation in aqueous solutions is crucial for chemical processes.
  • Nitrate salts of various divalent metal cations (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+) are common in industrial and environmental systems.
  • The interplay between cations, anions, and water molecules dictates solution properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interaction between divalent metal cations (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+) and nitrate anions in aqueous solutions.
  • To elucidate the degree of contact ion pair formation and hydration for these cations.
  • To correlate spectroscopic observations with molecular dynamics simulation results.

Main Methods:

  • Raman spectroscopy was employed to analyze vibrational modes of nitrate ions.
  • Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to generate free energy profiles.
  • Analysis focused on nitrate vibrational modes (in-plane deformation, symmetric and asymmetric stretches) and intermolecular modes.

Main Results:

  • Contact ion pair formation between metal cations and nitrate decreased in the order: Pb2+ > Sr2+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+.
  • This trend correlates with decreasing cation size and increasing cation charge density.
  • Magnesium ions (Mg2+) showed strong hydration with water molecules and no significant contact ion pairing with nitrate.
  • Free energy profiles confirmed the experimental observations and distinguished between solvent-separated, solvent-shared, and contact ion pairs.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals a clear trend in cation-nitrate interaction strength, influenced by cation properties.
  • Magnesium's strong hydration prevents significant contact ion pair formation with nitrate.
  • The combination of Raman spectroscopy and MD simulations provides a comprehensive understanding of ion solvation and pairing in nitrate solutions.