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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

A Personalized 3D-Printed Model for Preoperative Evaluation in Thyroid Surgery
04:42

A Personalized 3D-Printed Model for Preoperative Evaluation in Thyroid Surgery

Published on: February 17, 2023

[Molecular medicine in thyroid surgery].

Sonia Moretti1, Flavia Barbi, Maria Tavano

  • 1Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Centro di Riferimento Regionale per l'Endocrinochirurgia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia.

Chirurgia Italiana
|August 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Genetic studies identify specific cancer-causing mutations in thyroid neoplasms. This knowledge aids in developing effective treatments and follow-up strategies for patients.

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Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

A Personalized 3D-Printed Model for Preoperative Evaluation in Thyroid Surgery
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Published on: February 17, 2023

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: September 15, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Genomics
  • Oncology

Context:

  • Cancer arises from single cells acquiring mutations in growth and survival genes.
  • Genomic studies have enabled the identification of genes driving tumor formation.
  • Specific genes responsible for initiating most thyroid neoplasms are now identifiable.

Purpose:

  • To review recent advancements in molecular medicine for thyroid cancer.
  • To describe the impact of genetic discoveries on endocrine surgery.
  • To correlate genetic mutations with tumor characteristics.

Summary:

  • The study of tumor genomes reveals genes crucial for cancer initiation.
  • In thyroid cancer, specific initiating genes are now identifiable.
  • Mutations correlate with clinico-pathological features, moving beyond scientific curiosity.

Impact:

  • Genetic insights are vital for effective therapeutic and follow-up strategies.
  • Molecular medicine advancements are transforming thyroid cancer management.
  • Endocrine surgeons' practices are influenced by these genetic discoveries.