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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct regions...
Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone...
Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia.

Phyllis W Speiser1

  • 1Schneider Children's Hospital, 269-01 76th Ave., New Hyde Park, NY 11040, USA. pspeiser@lij.edu

Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders
|August 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia, often caused by CYP21A2 gene mutations, leads to excess adrenal androgens. This review covers clinical, hormonal, and genetic factors of this condition, distinct from severe congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics
  • Pediatric Endocrinology

Background:

  • Nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia (NCAH) is frequently caused by mutations in the CYP21A2 gene, which encodes steroid 21-hydroxylase.
  • Partial deficiency of 21-hydroxylase disrupts cortisol synthesis, leading to elevated adrenal androgens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the clinical, hormonal, and genetic aspects of nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia.
  • To differentiate NCAH from more severe forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical presentations, hormonal profiles, and genetic mutations associated with NCAH.
  • Synthesis of information regarding the pathophysiology and diagnosis of NCAH.

Main Results:

  • NCAH is rarely diagnosed in infancy, unlike severe forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
  • Symptoms manifest later, including premature adrenarche/pubarche in children, virilization in women, and varied symptoms in men.

Conclusions:

  • Nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia is a common condition resulting from partial 21-hydroxylase deficiency.
  • Understanding its clinical, hormonal, and genetic basis is crucial for timely diagnosis and management.