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Related Concept Videos

Role of ER in the Secretory Pathway01:17

Role of ER in the Secretory Pathway

Eukaryotic cells have a special pathway that enables communication between various intracellular membrane-bound compartments and also with the extracellular environment. This pathway is termed as the secretory pathway.
Components of the secretory pathway
About a third of proteins synthesized in the cell are sorted via the secretory route. They shuffle between different compartments in membrane-bound vesicles until they reach their final destination. The main intracellular compartments involved...
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:38

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Overview
The Proteasome01:13

The Proteasome

Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important among these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
In this pathway, the target proteins are first tagged with small proteins called ubiquitin. This involves participation of a series of enzymes including— E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3 (ubiquitin...
The Proteasome02:18

The Proteasome

Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important amongst these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
In this pathway, the target proteins are first tagged with small proteins called ubiquitin. A series of enzymes carry out the ubiquitination of the target proteins - E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

High-Density Lipoprotein-Specific Phospholipid Efflux Assay
07:08

High-Density Lipoprotein-Specific Phospholipid Efflux Assay

Published on: September 30, 2025

The many intersecting pathways underlying apolipoprotein B secretion and degradation.

Jeffrey L Brodsky1, Edward A Fisher

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. jbrodsky@pitt.edu

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM
|August 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Circulating apolipoprotein B (apoB) levels, linked to serum cholesterol, are controlled by cellular protein disposal, not just synthesis. This study explores ER-associated degradation and autophagy in regulating apoB and lipid levels in diabetes.

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Isolation and Analysis of Plasma Lipoproteins by Ultracentrifugation
06:47

Isolation and Analysis of Plasma Lipoproteins by Ultracentrifugation

Published on: January 28, 2021

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

High-Density Lipoprotein-Specific Phospholipid Efflux Assay
07:08

High-Density Lipoprotein-Specific Phospholipid Efflux Assay

Published on: September 30, 2025

Isolation and Analysis of Plasma Lipoproteins by Ultracentrifugation
06:47

Isolation and Analysis of Plasma Lipoproteins by Ultracentrifugation

Published on: January 28, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Apolipoprotein B (apoB) levels correlate with serum cholesterol.
  • Regulation of secreted protein concentration typically involves transcription and translation.
  • Circulating apoB levels are uniquely controlled by cellular degradation pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cellular mechanisms regulating apolipoprotein B (apoB) biosynthesis and degradation.
  • To elucidate the role of protein disposal pathways in controlling circulating apoB and lipid levels.
  • To understand the contribution of post-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) degradation in insulin resistance and diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent findings on apoB degradation pathways.
  • Analysis of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) in apoB regulation.
  • Examination of autophagy's role in apoB disposal.
  • Investigation of post-ER degradation mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Cellular degradative pathways, rather than synthesis, primarily control circulating apoB levels.
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) and autophagy are key apoB disposal routes.
  • Post-ER degradation contributes to elevated lipid levels in insulin-resistant diabetics.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular protein degradation pathways are critical regulators of apolipoprotein B (apoB) and circulating lipid levels.
  • Understanding these degradation mechanisms, including ER-associated degradation and autophagy, is essential for metabolic disease research.
  • Targeting post-ER degradation may offer therapeutic strategies for managing hyperlipidemia in insulin resistance and diabetes.