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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells01:15

Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells

Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue01:15

Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue

In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:12

Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal

Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
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NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Systemic Injection of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in Mice with Chronic EAE
09:24

Systemic Injection of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in Mice with Chronic EAE

Published on: April 15, 2014

Neural precursor cells inhibit multiple inflammatory signals.

Nina Fainstein1, Ilan Vaknin, Ofira Einstein

  • 1Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center of Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, EinKerem, Jerusalem, Israel.

Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences
|August 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neural precursor cells (NPCs) reduce T cell activation and proliferation. These findings explain how NPCs lessen autoimmune diseases by modulating immune cell signaling and inflammatory responses.

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Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues
08:47

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues

Published on: May 8, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an autoimmune disease model.
  • Neural precursor cells (NPCs) show therapeutic potential in EAE.
  • Understanding NPC-immune cell interactions is crucial for therapeutic development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the in vitro mechanisms of NPC-lymphocyte interactions.
  • To determine how NPCs affect T cell activation and proliferation.
  • To elucidate the impact of NPCs on inflammatory cytokine signaling.

Main Methods:

  • NPCs were co-cultured with lymphocytes.
  • T cell activation markers (IL-2-Receptor alpha, ICOS, PD-1, CTLA-4) and proliferation were assessed.
  • T cell responses to T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated and TCR-independent stimuli were evaluated.
  • Effects on inflammatory cytokine signaling (IL-2, IL-6) and downstream pathways (JAK3 phosphorylation) were examined.

Main Results:

  • NPCs inhibited T cell activation marker induction and proliferation in response to TCR-mediated stimuli (Concanavalin-A, anti-CD3/anti-CD28).
  • NPCs did not inhibit T cell responses to TCR-independent stimuli (phorbol myristate acetate/ionomycin).
  • NPCs impaired IL-2-mediated JAK3 phosphorylation in lymphocytes and inhibited IL-6-mediated cell proliferation.

Conclusions:

  • NPCs suppress T cell activation and proliferation through TCR-mediated pathways.
  • NPCs interfere with inflammatory cytokine signaling in immune cells.
  • These immunomodulatory effects of NPCs may contribute to their therapeutic benefits in autoimmune conditions like EAE.