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Related Concept Videos

Role of Hematopoietic Growth Factors01:28

Role of Hematopoietic Growth Factors

Hematopoietic growth factors are molecules that regulate the differentiation rate of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Erythropoietin (EPO), primarily produced by the kidneys, plays a crucial role in erythrocyte production. When oxygen levels in the blood are low, EPO is released into the bloodstream, reaching the bone marrow, where it stimulates HSCs to differentiate and mature into erythrocytes, which are vital for oxygen transport.
Thrombopoietin (TPO), mainly released by the liver,...
Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair growth — and...
Endocrine Signaling01:45

Endocrine Signaling

Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
Endocrine Signaling01:45

Endocrine Signaling

Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Exploring Independent Effects of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone In Vivo in a Mouse Model
05:32

Exploring Independent Effects of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone In Vivo in a Mouse Model

Published on: August 11, 2023

Endocrine FGFs and Klothos: emerging concepts.

Makoto Kuro-o1

  • 1Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9072, USA. makoto.kuro-o@utsouthwestern.edu

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM
|August 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Klotho proteins are crucial co-receptors for endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), regulating metabolism. This review explores how FGF, Klotho, and nuclear receptor interactions form novel endocrine axes controlling key physiological processes.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Exploring Independent Effects of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone In Vivo in a Mouse Model
05:32

Exploring Independent Effects of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone In Vivo in a Mouse Model

Published on: August 11, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Regulation
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) regulate critical physiological processes, including bile acid synthesis, lipolysis, and phosphate/vitamin D metabolism.
  • The Klotho gene family acts as essential co-receptors for FGFs, mediating their binding to FGF receptors.
  • Nuclear receptors, influenced by FGF-regulated hormones, control the expression of endocrine FGFs, establishing feedback loops.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of Klotho family proteins.
  • To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of endocrine FGF activity and expression.
  • To highlight the interplay between FGF, Klotho, and nuclear receptor gene families in metabolic regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on FGFs, Klotho proteins, and nuclear receptors.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms governing endocrine FGF signaling.
  • Integration of findings on metabolic feedback loops involving these gene families.

Main Results:

  • Klotho proteins are indispensable for FGF signaling by acting as co-receptors.
  • Endocrine FGF expression is modulated by nuclear receptors, forming intricate feedback systems.
  • These interactions create novel endocrine axes that govern diverse metabolic functions.

Conclusions:

  • Klotho family proteins are central regulators of endocrine FGF function and expression.
  • The FGF-Klotho-nuclear receptor axis represents a significant paradigm in metabolic control.
  • Understanding these axes offers insights into potential therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders.