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Pericarditis, an inflammation of the pericardium, necessitates diligent nursing management to ensure effective patient care and recovery. The initial step in managing pericarditis is a comprehensive patient medical assessment.The patient reports chest pain aggravated by breathing, coughing, and swallowing, which worsens when lying supine. The pain often improves when sitting up and leaning forward. Additional symptoms may include fever, malaise, and, in severe cases, signs of heart failure.

Location and Orientation of the Heart

Location and Orientation of the Heart

The human heart, despite its modest size and weight, is an organ of remarkable strength and endurance. Roughly the size of a fist, the heart weighs between 250 and 350 grams and is nestled within the mediastinum, the medial cavity of the thorax. It extends obliquely for about 12 to 14 cm, resting on the superior surface of the diaphragm. The heart is positioned anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum, with two-thirds of its mass lying to the left of the midsternal line.

Heart Valves

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The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray

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Imbalances in Cardiac Output

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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

An Intact Pericardium Ischemic Rodent Model

An Intact Pericardium Ischemic Rodent Model

Published on: September 2, 2021

Perlecan is critical for heart stability.

Philipp Sasse¹, Daniela Malan, Michaela Fleischmann

¹Institute of Physiology I, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.

Cardiovascular Research

|August 13, 2008

Summary

Perlecan is crucial for early heart development, preventing embryonic lethality by maintaining cardiac structural integrity. Loss of perlecan leads to mechanical instability in embryonic hearts and impaired function in adult hearts after injury.

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An Intact Pericardium Ischemic Rodent Model

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Surgical Porcine Model of Chronic Myocardial Ischemia Treated by Exosome-laden Collagen Patch and Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

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Published on: September 15, 2023

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Biology
Developmental Biology
Extracellular Matrix Research

Background:

Perlecan, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, is vital in basement membranes and mesenchymal tissues.
Perlecan gene mutations in mice cause embryonic lethality, primarily due to cardiac abnormalities.
Understanding perlecan's role in cardiac development and function is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the mechanism behind perlecan-related embryonic lethality.
Determine the pathophysiological relevance of perlecan for heart function.

Main Methods:

Utilized perlecan-deficient murine embryonic stem cells.
Analyzed mechanical stability of developing hearts via dextran microinjection.
Examined basement membrane and cell-cell junction formation using electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting.

Main Results:

Perlecan deficiency did not affect sarcomere formation or cardiomyocyte electrophysiology.
Early embryonic hearts (before E10.5) showed mechanical instability.
Perlecan-null hearts had reduced collagen IV and laminin levels and lacked basement membranes.
Infarcted hearts from heterozygous mice exhibited impaired function compared to wild-type.

Conclusions:

Perlecan is critical for maintaining cardiac integrity during embryonic development.
Perlecan is important for adult heart function following injury.