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Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment

Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4⁺ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment

Published on: June 23, 2019

Hyperplastic lymphoid tissue in HIV/AIDS: an electron microscopic study.

Jan Marc Orenstein¹

¹Department ofPathology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA. jorenstein@mfa.gwu.edu

Ultrastructural Pathology

|August 13, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects follicular dendritic cells (FDC) in lymphoid tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract. These infected FDC act as a significant reservoir and source for HIV replication in patients with HIV/AIDS.

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Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

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Published on: October 12, 2018

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment

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Published on: June 23, 2019

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

Published on: October 12, 2018

Area of Science:

Immunology
Virology
Cell Biology

Background:

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) establishes persistent infection in lymphoid tissues.
Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) within germinal centers (GC) are implicated in HIV association, but productive infection is debated.
Gastrointestinal tract-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) role in HIV persistence is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To ultrastructurally characterize lymphoid tissues in HIV/AIDS patients.
To evaluate lymphoid tissue, particularly GALT, as a reservoir and source of HIV.
To determine if FDC are productively infected by HIV.

Main Methods:

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to examine lymph nodes, tonsils, and gastrointestinal biopsies.
Samples were fixed in neutral buffered glutaraldehyde.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) were referenced from prior studies.

Main Results:

Mature HIV particles were abundant in the GC of hyperplastic lymph nodes, tonsils, and GALT, enmeshed in the FDC network.
HIV particles were observed budding from both FDC and lymphocytes, confirming productive infection.
The highest viral loads were found in untreated individuals and lymph nodes co-infected with opportunistic pathogens like Mycobacterium avium complex.

Conclusions:

Ultrastructural analysis confirms FDC are productively infected by HIV in lymph nodes, tonsils, and GALT.
Lymphoid tissues, especially hyperplastic ones, serve as a significant reservoir and source of HIV.
The FDC network plays a crucial role in harboring and potentially spreading HIV within the body.