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Related Concept Videos

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine01:27

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine

Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions01:38

Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions

Overview
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group. The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2, depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
Primary alcohols are synthesized from primary alkyl halides, and the...
Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes02:35

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.
Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for their...
Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Halides02:48

Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Halides

This lesson delves into the conversion of alcohols to corresponding alkyl halides and the mechanism of action for different reagents. Typically, the hydroxyl group is first protonated to convert it to a stable leaving group. Consequently, based on the starting alcohol, the mechanism undergoes either of the nucleophilic substitution routes, SN1 or SN2. Tertiary alkyl halides are made using the two-step SN1 mechanism that occurs via a carbocation intermediate, which is stabilized by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder
05:12

Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder

Published on: June 23, 2023

Topiramate for alcohol dependence.

Christina L Olmsted1, Denise R Kockler

  • 1Virginia Commonwealth University Health System/Medical College of Virginia Hospitals, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.

The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
|August 14, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Topiramate shows promise for treating alcohol dependence by reducing drinking and improving quality of life. However, more research is needed to determine optimal use and long-term safety for this condition.

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A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training
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A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder
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Published on: June 23, 2023

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A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training
07:50

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

Published on: January 29, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Addiction Medicine

Background:

  • Alcohol dependence is a chronic relapsing brain disorder.
  • Current treatments for alcohol dependence have limitations.
  • Topiramate's mechanism of action suggests potential efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the existing evidence on the efficacy and safety of topiramate for alcohol dependence.
  • To synthesize findings from randomized controlled trials.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of MEDLINE and Cochrane Database up to June 2008.
  • Inclusion of English-language randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and reanalyses.
  • Extraction of efficacy and safety data from identified studies.

Main Results:

  • Topiramate may treat alcohol dependence by modulating glutamate and GABA pathways.
  • RCTs indicate topiramate can decrease drinking behavior and improve quality of life.
  • Common adverse effects include sensory disturbances, dizziness, and cognitive difficulties; withdrawal rates varied.

Conclusions:

  • Published trial results for topiramate in alcohol dependence are promising regarding efficacy and safety.
  • Further large-scale, long-term studies are required to define optimal dosing, duration, and patient profiles.
  • Current data are insufficient to recommend topiramate as a first-line treatment for alcohol dependence.