Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 11, 2026
Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children
Published on: August 22, 2012
Comparison of mental health between former child soldiers and children never conscripted by armed groups in Nepal
Brandon A Kohrt1, Mark J D Jordans, Wietse A Tol
1Department of Anthropology, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. brandonkohrt@gmail.com
Insights
Former child soldiers in Nepal experience significantly higher rates of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to their peers. These mental health challenges persist even after accounting for trauma exposure.
Area of Science:
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
- Global Mental Health
- Trauma Studies
Background:
- Former child soldiers require specialized mental health support.
- Limited research exists comparing the mental health of child soldiers and civilian children in conflict zones.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare the mental health status of former child soldiers with children never conscripted into armed groups.
- Investigate differences in depression, anxiety, PTSD, psychological difficulties, and functional impairment.
Main Methods:
- A cross-sectional cohort study was conducted in Nepal.
- 141 former child soldiers were compared with 141 matched never-conscripted children.
- Mental health outcomes assessed using standardized scales for depression, anxiety, PTSD, and functioning.
Main Results:
- Former child soldiers showed higher symptom scores for depression (53.2%), anxiety (46.1%), PTSD (55.3%), and function impairment (62.4%).
- After adjusting for trauma, former soldier status was linked to increased odds of depression and PTSD, particularly in girls.
- No significant association was found for general psychological difficulties or anxiety.
Conclusions:
- Former child soldiers in Nepal exhibit more severe mental health issues than non-conscripted children.
- Depression and PTSD remain significant concerns for former child soldiers, especially girls, irrespective of trauma exposure levels.
Context:
Former child soldiers are considered in need of special mental health interventions. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the mental health of child soldiers compared with civilian children in armed conflicts.
Objective:
To compare the mental health status of former child soldiers with that of children who have never been conscripts of armed groups.
Design, Setting, And Participants:
Cross-sectional cohort study conducted in March and April 2007 in Nepal comparing the mental health of 141 former child soldiers and 141 never-conscripted children matched on age, sex, education, and ethnicity.
Main Outcome Measures:
Depression symptoms were assessed via the Depression Self Rating Scale, anxiety symptoms via the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) via the Child PTSD Symptom Scale, general psychological difficulties via the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire, daily functioning via the Function Impairment tool, and exposure to traumatic events via the PTSD Traumatic Event Checklist of the Kiddie Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia.
Results:
Participants were a mean of 15.75 years old at the time of this study, and former child soldiers ranged in age from 5 to 16 years at the time of conscription. All participants experienced at least 1 type of trauma. The numbers of former child soldiers meeting symptom cutoff scores were 75 (53.2%) for depression, 65 (46.1%) for anxiety, 78 (55.3%) for PTSD, 55 (39.0%) for psychological difficulties, and 88 (62.4%) for function impairment. After adjusting for traumatic exposures and other covariates, former soldier status was significantly associated with depression (odds ratio [OR], 2.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31-4.44) and PTSD among girls (OR, 6.80; 95% CI, 2.16-21.58), and PTSD among boys (OR, 3.81; 95% CI, 1.06-13.73) but was not associated with general psychological difficulties (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 0.86-5.02), anxiety (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 0.77-3.45), or function impairment (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 0.84-2.14).
Conclusion:
In Nepal, former child soldiers display greater severity of mental health problems compared with children never conscripted by armed groups, and this difference remains for depression and PTSD (the latter especially among girls) even after controlling for trauma exposure.
