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Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Thermal Limits Determination for Zooplankton Using a Heat Block

Thermal Limits Determination for Zooplankton Using a Heat Block

Published on: November 18, 2022

Wire-packed heat exchangers for dilution refrigerators.

E Polturak¹, M Rappaport, R Rosenbaum

¹Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel.

The Review of Scientific Instruments

|March 1, 1978

Summary

Simple wire-packed heat exchangers for dilution refrigerators achieve ultra-low temperatures of 11.4 mK and 6.1 mK. These novel designs offer high cooling power at modest helium-3 circulation rates without sintering.

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Area of Science:

Low-temperature physics
Cryogenics engineering
Superfluid helium-3 research

Background:

Dilution refrigerators are crucial for achieving millikelvin temperatures.
Traditional heat exchangers often involve complex fabrication like sintering.
Improving cooling power and thermal efficiency is essential for reaching lower temperatures.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe novel, simple wire-packed step heat exchangers for dilution refrigerators.
To evaluate the performance of these heat exchangers in achieving ultra-low temperatures.
To demonstrate high cooling power at reduced helium-3 circulation rates.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of wire-packed heat exchangers without using sintering.
Integration of five wire-packed heat exchangers with a countercurrent heat exchanger.
Testing the dilution refrigerator with single and double mixing chambers.

Main Results:

Achieved a base temperature of 11.4 mK with a single mixing chamber.
Reached 6.1 mK with two mixing chambers.
Demonstrated low flow impedances and thermal resistance between liquid and copper wires.

Conclusions:

Wire-packed heat exchangers offer a simple and effective solution for dilution refrigerators.
The design enables high cooling power at modest helium-3 circulation rates.
This advancement facilitates reaching ultra-low temperatures for scientific research.