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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Simulating Imaging of Large Scale Radio Arrays on the Lunar Surface
06:14

Simulating Imaging of Large Scale Radio Arrays on the Lunar Surface

Published on: July 30, 2020

Radiometer system to map the cosmic background radiation.

M V Gorenstein1, R A Muller, G F Smoot

  • 1University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and Space Sciences Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|April 1, 1978
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a new 33-GHz airborne radiometer system for mapping cosmic background radiation temperature variations. The system achieves high accuracy in measuring cosmic microwave background anisotropy from high altitudes.

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmology
  • Astrophysics
  • Radiometric instrumentation

Background:

  • The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation is a crucial relic from the early universe.
  • Mapping large angular scale variations in CMB temperature provides insights into cosmological models.
  • Atmospheric interference and instrumental limitations pose challenges for ground-based CMB observations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and test a 33-GHz airborne radiometer system for mapping CMB temperature anisotropy.
  • To achieve high-accuracy measurements of CMB temperature variations from a stratospheric platform.
  • To minimize atmospheric and instrumental systematic errors in CMB measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a 33-GHz airborne radiometer system with antennas 60 degrees apart.
  • Flown on a U-2 jet to an altitude of 20 km to reduce atmospheric emission.
  • Employed a secondary 54-GHz radiometer to monitor residual atmospheric radiation.
  • Implemented antenna position interchange and flight direction reversal to cancel equipment imbalances.
  • Designed antennas with extremely low side-lobe response (< -65 dB) to reject Earth's radiation.

Main Results:

  • The radiometer system can measure CMB anisotropy with an accuracy of +/-1 mK rms.
  • This accuracy represents approximately 1 part in 3000 of the 3 K CMB temperature.
  • Successful operation of the system was demonstrated in U-2 aircraft flights.

Conclusions:

  • The developed airborne radiometer system is capable of accurately mapping large angular scale CMB temperature variations.
  • Stratospheric operation effectively mitigates atmospheric interference for CMB measurements.
  • The system's design incorporates features to minimize systematic errors, enabling precise anisotropy measurements.