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NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Overview

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Overview

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a phenomenon exhibited by certain nuclei that can absorb characteristic radio frequency radiation under certain conditions. NMR has been extensively applied in molecular spectroscopy and medical diagnostic imaging. In both these applications, the molecule or subject under study is placed in a magnetic field and irradiated with radio frequency energy.
NMR spectroscopy generates a spectrum where the characteristic absorption frequencies of the sample are...

NMR Spectrometers: Overview

NMR Spectrometers: Overview

NMR spectrometers consist of a strong magnet, a radiofrequency transmitter, and a detector attached to a computer console for recording spectra of samples containing NMR-active nuclei. In first-generation NMR instruments called continuous-wave spectrometers, the resonance frequencies of the nuclei are determined by frequency-sweep or field-sweep methods. The magnetic field strength is fixed and the rf signal is swept in the former, while the radiofrequency signal is fixed and the magnetic field...

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...

Applications Of NMR In Biology

Applications Of NMR In Biology

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a very valuable analytical technique for researchers. It has been used for more than 50 years as an analytical tool. F. Bloch and E. Purcell formulated NMR in 1946 and won the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work. Biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and organic molecules including pharmaceutical compounds, can be studied using this versatile tool that exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei.
The...

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

NMR 15N Relaxation Experiments for the Investigation of Picosecond to Nanoseconds Structural Dynamics of Proteins

NMR ¹⁵N Relaxation Experiments for the Investigation of Picosecond to Nanoseconds Structural Dynamics of Proteins

Published on: November 1, 2024

Versatile pulse programmer for nuclear magnetic resonance.

D J Adduci¹, B C Gerstein

¹Ames Laboratory-DOE, Instrumentation Services and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments

|November 1, 1979

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new microprocessor-based pulse programmer offers general-purpose control for pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) applications. It simplifies programming complex pulse sequences using a dedicated language and text editor for easy modification and library management.

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

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Area of Science:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
Digital Electronics
Computer Engineering

Background:

Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) requires sophisticated control systems for precise pulse sequencing.
Existing pulse programmers may lack flexibility or ease of use for complex NMR experiments.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe a novel microprocessor-based pulse programmer for pulsed NMR applications.
To develop a versatile system capable of programming arbitrary pulse sequences.
To enhance user interaction through a dedicated programming language and editing tools.

Main Methods:

Utilized microprocessor and digital integrated circuit techniques for hardware design.
Developed a specialized programming language for defining NMR pulse sequences and timing.
Implemented a resident text editor for sequence modification and a program library feature.
Integrated a language translator and run-time monitor for advanced programming capabilities.

Main Results:

The pulse programmer is designed for complete generality, allowing quick and easy programming of any desired pulse sequence.
Pulse sequencing and timing information are entered via a standard ASCII terminal.
The system facilitates easy pulse sequence modifications and offers a program library feature.
The hardware system is transformed into a "smart" pulse programmer with extended functions.

Conclusions:

The described microprocessor-based pulse programmer provides a flexible and user-friendly solution for pulsed NMR applications.
The system's design enables efficient programming and modification of complex NMR pulse sequences.
This "smart" pulse programmer enhances experimental capabilities in NMR spectroscopy.