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Related Concept Videos

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
Accelerated...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Mass Spectrometry01:12

Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Mass Spectrometry

Higher molecular weight biomolecules are nonvolatile compounds that may decompose before ionizing or vaporizing during mass analysis with conventional electron impact ionization methods. Accordingly, electrospray ionization (ESI) is the favored method for vaporizing and ionizing biomolecules as it circumvents rapid fragmentation and enables the recording of mass signals for the entire biomolecule.
ESI utilizes electrical energy to transfer ions from the liquid phase of the sample into the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures
08:53

Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures

Published on: October 9, 2012

Versatile electron spectrometer for surface studies.

G E Thomas1, W H Weinberg

  • 1Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|April 1, 1979
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new electron spectrometer for analyzing solid surfaces. It achieves high energy resolution for detailed surface science studies, including vibrational analysis and electronic excitations.

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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

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Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization
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Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization

Published on: July 17, 2015

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures
08:53

Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures

Published on: October 9, 2012

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Published on: June 28, 2018

Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization
07:50

Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization

Published on: July 17, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Spectroscopy
  • Materials Characterization

Background:

  • Understanding solid surfaces requires advanced analytical techniques.
  • Existing electron spectrometers have limitations in energy resolution and versatility.
  • High-energy resolution is crucial for probing surface phenomena like molecular vibrations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a novel electron spectrometer for solid surface analysis.
  • To highlight the instrument's capability for high-energy resolution measurements.
  • To detail its application in various surface-sensitive techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Design and implementation of a versatile electron spectrometer.
  • Operation in ultrahigh vacuum conditions.
  • Utilizing high-energy resolution (10-15 meV) for specific measurements.

Main Results:

  • The spectrometer achieves high energy resolution suitable for vibrational inelastic electron scattering.
  • It is capable of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.
  • It can perform Auger electron spectroscopy and electronic excitation energy-loss measurements.

Conclusions:

  • The developed electron spectrometer offers high performance and versatility for surface analysis.
  • It enables detailed studies of surface vibrational and electronic properties.
  • The instrument is well-suited for advanced surface science research.