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Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...

Asthma III: Clinical Manifestations

Asthma III: Clinical Manifestations

Asthma presents with a characteristic pattern of episodic respiratory symptoms that reflect underlying airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus hypersecretion. Although severity varies among individuals, certain clinical manifestations are considered hallmarks of the disorder and often guide diagnosis and assessment.Respiratory SymptomsA persistent cough is one of the most common early features of asthma. It is frequently dry and tends to worsen at night or in the early morning,...

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
Additionally, environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in determining an individual's susceptibility to asthma and the severity of their condition.
Critical processes in asthma pathophysiology include:

Asthma-IV: Diagnostic and Management

Asthma-IV: Diagnostic and Management

The diagnosis and management of asthma are comprehensive, encompassing clinical assessments, lung function tests, and pharmacological interventions. Here's an overview:
Clinical Assessment for Asthma:
This is the first step in diagnosing and managing asthma. It includes:

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Advanced Imaging of Lung Homing Human Lymphocytes in an Experimental In Vivo Model of Allergic Inflammation Based on Light-sheet Microscopy

Advanced Imaging of Lung Homing Human Lymphocytes in an Experimental In Vivo Model of Allergic Inflammation Based on Light-sheet Microscopy

Published on: April 16, 2019

T-cell activation during exacerbations: a longitudinal study in refractory asthma.

E Mamessier¹, A Nieves, A-M Lorec

¹Université de Méditerranée, EA 3287, IFR125, France.

|August 14, 2008

Summary

Asthma exacerbations involve T-cell shifts, with increased T helper 2 cells and decreased regulatory T (Treg) cells. During exacerbations, a mixed Th1/Th2 activation occurs, impairing Treg cell function and worsening asthma.

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A Reversible, Non-invasive Method for Airway Resistance Measurements and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Sampling in Mice

A Reversible, Non-invasive Method for Airway Resistance Measurements and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Sampling in Mice

Published on: April 13, 2010

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Advanced Imaging of Lung Homing Human Lymphocytes in an Experimental In Vivo Model of Allergic Inflammation Based on Light-sheet Microscopy

Advanced Imaging of Lung Homing Human Lymphocytes in an Experimental In Vivo Model of Allergic Inflammation Based on Light-sheet Microscopy

Published on: April 16, 2019

A Reversible, Non-invasive Method for Airway Resistance Measurements and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Sampling in Mice

A Reversible, Non-invasive Method for Airway Resistance Measurements and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Sampling in Mice

Published on: April 13, 2010

Area of Science:

Immunology
Respiratory Medicine
Cell Biology

Background:

Asthma exacerbations are a major cause of morbidity and healthcare costs.
Preventing exacerbations requires understanding the underlying inflammatory processes.
Severe refractory asthma (SRA) presents unique challenges in management.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate T-cell activation patterns during exacerbations in patients with severe refractory asthma.
To elucidate the role of T helper (Th) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells in asthma exacerbations.

Main Methods:

Flow cytometry was used to quantify T-cell subsets and their cytokine production (IL-13, IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10).
Messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of cytokines were analyzed.
Treg cell function was assessed through depletion experiments.
T-cell responses were examined in both blood and induced sputum.

Main Results:

Baseline T-cell profiles in asthmatics showed increased T helper 2 (Th2) cells and decreased T helper 1 (Th1) and Treg cells.
Prior to exacerbations, Th2 cells increased, followed by Th1 cells, in both blood and sputum.
Treg cells and IL-10-producing T cells decreased during exacerbations.
The suppressive capacity of Treg cells was diminished during exacerbations compared to baseline.

Conclusions:

Asthma exacerbations are characterized by a shift from a baseline Th2-biased T-cell response to a mixed Th1/Th2 activation.
A deficiency in Treg cells, present at baseline in SRA, is exacerbated during exacerbation events.
These findings offer new insights into the pathophysiology of asthma exacerbations and potential therapeutic targets.