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Related Concept Videos

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0, resulting in...
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds01:14

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds

In aromatic compounds, such as benzene, the circulation of (4n + 2) π-electrons sets up a diamagnetic or diatropic ring current around the perimeter of the molecule. This current induces a magnetic field that opposes the external field inside the ring and reinforces it on the outside. The protons in benzene are deshielded and exhibit high chemical shifts in the range 6.5–8.5 ppm. The shielding effect at the center of the ring is evident in complex aromatic molecules, such as annulenes. In...
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NMR Spectroscopy: Chemical Shift Overview

The position of the absorption signal of a sample is reported relative to the position of the signal of tetramethylsilane (TMS), which is added as an internal reference while recording spectra. The difference between the absorption frequencies of the sample and TMS (in Hz) is divided by the spectrometer operating frequency (in MHz) to obtain a dimensionless quantity called the chemical shift. It is reported on the δ (delta) scale and expressed in parts per million.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Photodynamic Therapy with Blended Conducting Polymer/Fullerene Nanoparticle Photosensitizers
09:45

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Published on: October 28, 2015

The effect of a full shift system on doctors.

Nicola Bamford1, David Bamford

  • 1St James University Hospital, Leeds, UK.

Journal of Health Organization and Management
|August 15, 2008
PubMed
Summary

The European Working Time Directive (EWTD) introduced shifts for doctors, which are permanent. While doctors find shifts inflexible, they suggest splitting night shifts to improve work-life balance.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Education and Training
  • Healthcare Management
  • Occupational Health

Background:

  • The European Working Time Directive (EWTD) mandated changes in working patterns for doctors.
  • Implementation involved the introduction of shift-based working schedules.
  • Understanding the impact on doctors is crucial for healthcare systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the implications and impact of EWTD-compliant shift work on doctors.
  • To explore doctors' experiences with new working patterns.
  • To identify potential improvements in shift scheduling.

Main Methods:

  • Qualitative case study research approach.
  • Semi-structured, open-ended interviews for data collection.
  • Participant observation and thematic analysis of findings.

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Probing C84-embedded Si Substrate Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics
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Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
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Main Results:

  • Shift work is acknowledged as a permanent feature of doctors' working lives.
  • A significant feeling of minimal flexibility within the shift system was reported.
  • Doctors suggested splitting night shifts into shorter periods to enhance work-life balance.

Conclusions:

  • The qualitative methodology provided rich data for analysis and discussion.
  • Suggestions were generated for more palatable shift scheduling.
  • The study highlights the personal implications of EWTD implementation for doctors.