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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:16

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis,...
Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.
Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Somatic Spinal Reflexes01:22

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Vascularized Composite Hand Allograft Procurement and Preparation for Distal and Proximal Forearm Allotransplantation: A Stepwise Approach
10:36

Vascularized Composite Hand Allograft Procurement and Preparation for Distal and Proximal Forearm Allotransplantation: A Stepwise Approach

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The split flexor digitorum superficialis.

Mohammadali M Shoja1, R Shane Tubbs, Marios Loukas

  • 1Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. shoja.m@gmail.com

Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology = Archivio Italiano Di Anatomia Ed Embriologia
|August 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

An unusual split of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscle in the anterior forearm was found in a cadaver. This rare anatomical variation involved two distinct muscle bellies and affected median nerve passage.

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Human Morphology
  • Clinical Anatomy

Background:

  • Variations in anterior forearm muscles are frequently encountered in anatomical studies.
  • The flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) is a key muscle in forearm flexion, with known anatomical variability.
  • Understanding these variations is crucial for surgical procedures and interpreting clinical findings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document and describe a rare anatomical variant of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscle.
  • To review and discuss the clinical significance of neuromuscular variations in the anterior forearm.
  • To contribute to the existing literature on FDS muscle anomalies.

Main Methods:

  • Cadaveric dissection of an adult human upper limb.
  • Detailed morphological examination and documentation of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscle and its relations.
  • Review of relevant anatomical literature concerning forearm muscle variations.

Main Results:

  • An unusual split of the deep part of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) was identified, presenting two distinct fusiform muscle bellies.
  • The medial belly inserted onto the fifth digit, while the lateral belly inserted onto the second digit.
  • The median nerve traversed between these two distinct bellies of the deep FDS.

Conclusions:

  • This case represents a rare anatomical variation of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS), with only one prior report in the literature.
  • Such variations have potential implications for median nerve entrapment and surgical approaches to the forearm.
  • Further documentation of anatomical variations is essential for anatomical education and clinical practice.