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Related Concept Videos

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Aneurysm II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:21

Aneurysm II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Thoracic, aortic arch and abdominal aneurysms are significant vascular conditions that can present with various clinical manifestations and lead to serious complications. Understanding these manifestations and the appropriate diagnostic studies is essential for effective management and treatment.Thoracic Aortic AneurysmsThoracic aortic aneurysms often remain asymptomatic until they reach a size that impinges on adjacent structures. They typically cause deep, diffuse chest pain that radiates to...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...

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Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy from a Single Entry Point
03:13

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Published on: June 28, 2024

Recurrent pituitary ependymoma: a complex clinical problem.

Rosie Belcher1, Harvinder S Chahal, Jane Evanson

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, London, UK.

Pituitary
|August 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details a rare, recurrent ependymoma in the parasellar region, highlighting challenges in managing this difficult tumor. Optimal treatment strategies for future progression remain uncertain, emphasizing the tumor

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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Published on: January 17, 2018

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Ependymomas are rare central nervous system tumors.
  • Pituitary fossa and parasellar region ependymomas are exceptionally rare, with few documented cases.

Observation:

  • A complex case of a recurrent parasellar ependymoma is presented.
  • The patient has undergone multiple surgeries and radiotherapy over 28 years.
  • Significant residual tumor, panhypopituitarism, and visual loss persist.

Findings:

  • The tumor exhibits a strong tendency for recurrence, complicating clinical management.
  • Optimal therapeutic strategies for future tumor progression are uncertain.
  • Potential treatments include radiosurgery and chemotherapy (temozolomide).

Implications:

  • This case underscores the challenging and recurrent nature of rare parasellar ependymomas.
  • It highlights the need for careful consideration of treatment options, balancing efficacy with organ preservation (optic chiasm).
  • Further research into optimal management protocols for these rare tumors is warranted.