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Related Concept Videos

Caspases01:24

Caspases

Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside cells.
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Coronavirus01:29

Coronavirus

Coronaviruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), are enveloped viruses characterized by their single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome and helical nucleocapsid structure. The hallmark of these viruses is their club-shaped spike (S) glycoproteins that protrude from the viral envelope, facilitating attachment to host cells. Typically, coronaviruses infect the upper respiratory tract, often causing mild or asymptomatic disease. However, certain strains like...
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...

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Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death
10:23

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Published on: January 20, 2023

SARS coronavirus and apoptosis.

K Y Chow1, Y S Yeung, C C Hon

  • 1Department of Zoology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.

Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi
|December 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Overexpression of the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike protein (S) and its S2 domain induces apoptosis in Vero E6 cells. This cell death is time- and dose-dependent, unlike other SARS-CoV proteins.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is a significant human pathogen.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV pathogenesis is crucial for developing antiviral strategies.
  • The role of individual viral proteins in inducing cellular responses requires detailed investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of SARS-CoV structural proteins to induce apoptosis in host cells.
  • To determine which specific SARS-CoV protein domains are responsible for inducing apoptosis.
  • To characterize the nature of apoptosis induced by SARS-CoV proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Adenovirus-mediated gene delivery was used to overexpress SARS-CoV proteins in Vero E6 cells.
  • Apoptosis was assessed in cells expressing the SARS-CoV spike protein (S), its S1 and S2 domains, and other structural proteins (E, M, N).
  • Time- and dose-dependency of apoptosis induction were evaluated.

Main Results:

  • Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of the SARS-CoV spike protein (S) and its S2 domain significantly induced apoptosis in Vero E6 cells.
  • The induction of apoptosis by S and S2 was found to be both time- and dose-dependent.
  • Overexpression of the SARS-CoV S1 domain, as well as the E, M, and N structural proteins, did not result in apoptosis induction.

Conclusions:

  • The C-terminal S2 domain of the SARS-CoV spike protein plays a critical role in inducing apoptosis in Vero E6 cells.
  • Apoptosis induction by SARS-CoV S protein is a specific phenomenon mediated by the S2 subunit.
  • Other SARS-CoV structural proteins do not possess the ability to induce apoptosis in this cellular model.