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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Standard Precaution01:26

Standard Precaution

Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...
Steps in Outbreak Investigation01:18

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:
Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
Contact precautions are the measures taken to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, especially epidemiologically important microorganisms such as MRSA or influenza, primarily transmitted through direct or indirect contact with an...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

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Modeling Dysplastic and Functional Lung Alveolar Repair after Influenza Infection
07:45

Modeling Dysplastic and Functional Lung Alveolar Repair after Influenza Infection

Published on: September 19, 2025

Preparing for pandemic influenza.

Terri Rebmann1

  • 1Institute of Biosecurity and Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, St Louis University, School of Public Health, St Louis, Missouri 63104, USA. rebmannt@slu.edu

The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing
|August 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Avian influenza (H5N1) poses a pandemic risk. This review details infection control, maternal/newborn outcomes, and pandemic planning for perinatal and neonatal nurses to protect vulnerable populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Influenza causes annual global morbidity and mortality.
  • Avian influenza (H5N1) presents a significant pandemic threat.
  • Pregnant women and newborns are high-risk groups during influenza outbreaks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the epidemiology and clinical description of avian influenza.
  • To outline recommended infection control and management strategies for pregnant patients and newborns.
  • To discuss pandemic planning considerations for perinatal and neonatal care.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of influenza and avian influenza (H5N1).
  • Analysis of clinical manifestations, transmission, and treatment.
  • Examination of maternal and neonatal outcomes.
  • Review of pandemic preparedness strategies.

Main Results:

  • Avian influenza requires specific isolation and management protocols.
  • Pregnant women and newborns face disproportionately higher risks.
  • Pandemic planning must address surge capacity, resources, and altered care standards.

Conclusions:

  • Perinatal and neonatal nurses must be prepared for avian influenza pandemics.
  • Community and hospital disaster plans should include designated care sites for pregnant women and newborns.
  • Proactive planning is crucial to protect vulnerable populations from influenza and avian influenza.