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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems01:18

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) enable the controlled release of drugs across the skin into systemic circulation. They are particularly advantageous for drugs with short half-lives or narrow therapeutic indices, as they maintain consistent plasma concentrations and reduce the risk of subtherapeutic or toxic levels.TDDS are categorized into monolithic, reservoir, and mixed systems. Monolithic systems embed the drug in a polymer matrix, where diffusion governs release. Reservoir systems...
Peripheral Artery Disease V: Postoperative Nursing Management01:23

Peripheral Artery Disease V: Postoperative Nursing Management

During the postoperative period, it is crucial to focus on maintaining circulation, identifying and managing potential complications, and planning for discharge.Nursing AssessmentVital signs monitoring: Regularly monitor vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature, to detect early signs of complications such as bleeding and infection.Circulation assessment: Monitor pulses, perform Doppler assessments, and check capillary refill, color, temperature, and...
Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants


Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating sympathetic or...
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
14:56

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)

Published on: January 27, 2010

Transdermal nicotine patch failed to improve postoperative pain management.

Alparslan Turan1, Paul F White, Onur Koyuncu

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Trakya University, Turkey. alparslanturan@yahoo.com

Anesthesia and Analgesia
|August 21, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Transdermal nicotine did not reduce postoperative pain or opioid use in gynecological surgery patients. While some patients were ready for discharge earlier, oral intake was delayed, with no difference in returning to daily activities.

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The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice
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The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
14:56

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)

Published on: January 27, 2010

The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice
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The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

Published on: July 16, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Pain Management
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Nicotine's potential analgesic properties were previously noted with intranasal administration.
  • This study investigated transdermal nicotine's effect on postoperative recovery and pain management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test if transdermal nicotine (TDN) reduces postoperative pain and opioid use.
  • To assess TDN's impact on recovery after lower abdominal surgery.

Main Methods:

  • A placebo-controlled study involving 97 patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy.
  • Patients received either sham patches or TDN (21 mg nicotine) for 3 days.
  • Postoperative assessments included pain scores, opioid usage, recovery, and patient satisfaction.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in pain scores, opioid/analgesic use, or bowel function recovery between groups.
  • Delayed resumption of oral intake in the nicotine group.
  • Higher discharge eligibility scores at 48 and 72 hours in the nicotine group.

Conclusions:

  • High-dose perioperative transdermal nicotine did not improve pain control or reduce analgesic needs.
  • TDN administration led to earlier discharge readiness but delayed oral intake.
  • No difference in time to return to work or daily activities was observed.