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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
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Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
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Glaucoma: Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Quantification of Vascular Parameters in Whole Mount Retinas of Mice with Non-Proliferative and Proliferative Retinopathies
12:28

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Published on: March 12, 2022

[Hypertensive retinopathy--assessment].

A Barar, Ioana Daniela Apatachioaie, C Apatachioaie

    Oftalmologia (Bucharest, Romania : 1990)
    |August 22, 2008
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Hypertensive retinopathy assessment is evolving with digital imaging, but lacks standardized classification and consensus on its use for cardiovascular risk. Current staging scales are limited in differentiating early changes and correlating with blood pressure severity.

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    Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

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    Area of Science:

    • Ophthalmology and Cardiovascular Medicine
    • Physiopathology of Hypertensive Disease

    Context:

    • Hypertensive retinopathy involves distinct retinal, choroidal, and optic nerve responses to blood pressure changes.
    • The retina is a key target organ in hypertensive disease, with changes detectable via fundus examination.

    Purpose:

    • To synthesize recent studies on hypertensive retinopathy, addressing diagnostic advancements and clinical utility.
    • To evaluate the limitations of current assessment methods and staging scales for hypertensive retinopathy.

    Summary:

    • Retinal change assessment has progressed from ophthalmoscopy to digital photography with software analysis.
    • Significant inter-observer variability exists in assessing hypertensive microangiopathy, necessitating standardized protocols and software.
    • Current staging scales (Keith, Scheie) lack correlation with blood pressure severity and angiofluorography findings.

    Impact:

    • There is a lack of consensus on hypertensive retinopathy classification and its role in cardiovascular risk assessment.
    • Routine ophthalmoscopic examination is not universally recommended, with specific indications for Stage-3 hypertension, equivocal cases, diabetics, and visual symptoms.
    • The clinical implications of hypertensive retinopathy are unclear, impacting its routine use in therapeutic decisions.