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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
Reservoir of Infection01:30

Reservoir of Infection

Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Colonisation of Pathogens01:25

Colonisation of Pathogens

Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...
Causality in Epidemiology01:21

Causality in Epidemiology

Causality or causation is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, vital for understanding the relationships between various factors and health outcomes. Despite its importance, there's no single, universally accepted definition of causality within the discipline. Drawing from a systematic review, causality in epidemiology encompasses several definitions, including production, necessary and sufficient, sufficient-component, counterfactual, and probabilistic models. Each has its strengths and...
Malaria01:29

Malaria

Malaria pathogenesis in humans reflects a delicate interplay between parasite biology and host response. Clinical illness reflects a host’s immune response to the parasite’s asexual replication cycle, which is often asymptomatic in individuals with partial immunity. From the parasite's perspective, transmission between mosquito and human with minimal host pathology is evolutionarily advantageous. Among the six Plasmodium species infecting humans, P. falciparum and P. vivax dominate in global...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness
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A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness

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Capturing escape in infectious disease dynamics.

Sarah Cobey1, Katia Koelle

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

Trends in Ecology & Evolution
|August 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding disease dynamics requires identifying drivers of variability. This study introduces new methods to analyze pathogen evolution and immune escape, improving epidemic management strategies.

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Tractable Mammalian Cell Infections with Protozoan-primed Bacteria

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

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Tractable Mammalian Cell Infections with Protozoan-primed Bacteria

Published on: April 2, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Epidemiology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Interannual variability in disease dynamics is crucial for epidemic management.
  • Traditionally, causes are classified as intrinsic (e.g., immunity) or extrinsic (e.g., climate).
  • Statistical models of case time series are used to determine factor contributions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the challenge of isolating drivers of pathogen dynamics influenced by antigenic evolution.
  • To propose new statistical approaches for identifying disease regulators.
  • To account for punctuated immune escape in disease dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzing time series of disease cases.
  • Developing statistical models to differentiate intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
  • Identifying observations indicative of punctuated immune escape.

Main Results:

  • Time series of cases alone are insufficient for pathogens with punctuated immune escape.
  • New methods can reveal the presence of punctuated immune escape.
  • These methods allow for better identification of extrinsic and intrinsic disease regulators.

Conclusions:

  • Antigenic evolution significantly impacts pathogen dynamics.
  • Accounting for punctuated immune escape is essential for accurate driver identification.
  • Improved understanding of disease drivers enhances epidemic management and prediction.