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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
13:04

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Published on: June 26, 2014

A dynamic view of hepatitis C virus replication complexes.

Benno Wölk1, Benjamin Büchele, Darius Moradpour

  • 1Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA.

Journal of Virology
|August 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication complexes (RCs) form distinct structures. Live cell imaging reveals stable membranous webs and mobile small RCs, both crucial for the HCV life cycle.

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

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Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication occurs in membrane-associated replication complexes (RCs).
  • Membranous webs are key sites for HCV RNA replication, but their formation and RC dynamics are poorly understood.
  • Understanding HCV RC formation is crucial for developing antiviral strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamics and characteristics of HCV replication complexes (RCs) in live cells.
  • To differentiate between membranous webs and smaller RCs based on their behavior and association with cellular structures.
  • To elucidate the transport mechanisms governing different HCV RC populations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized replicons with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) for live-cell imaging.
  • Observed and analyzed the motility, stability, and partitioning of NS5A-GFP structures during cell division.
  • Investigated the association of RCs with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubules and microtubule (MT) networks.

Main Results:

  • Two distinct NS5A-GFP patterns were identified: large, stable, immobile membranous webs and small, motile RCs.
  • Membranous webs showed restricted movement, long-term stability, and were partitioned during cell division.
  • Small RCs exhibited fast, saltatory movement and dependent on microtubule transport, distinct from ER-associated structures.

Conclusions:

  • HCV RCs exist as at least two distinct populations with differing dynamics and transport mechanisms.
  • Microtubule-dependent transport appears essential for sustaining mobile small RCs.
  • Both stable membranous webs and mobile small RCs are likely indispensable for the complete Hepatitis C virus life cycle.