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Papillary Dermis

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory neuropathy reduces pain perception,...

Reticular Dermis

Reticular Dermis

The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
Reticular Layer
Underlying the papillary layer is the much thicker reticular layer, composed of dense, irregular connective...

Cells of the Epidermis

Cells of the Epidermis

The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...

Healing II: Complications

Healing II: Complications

Complications during healing arise when tissue repair is altered by local or systemic factors. These changes involve abnormal collagen deposition, altered biomechanics, and reduced vascular supply, impairing restoration of normal structure and function.Loss of FunctionScar tissue differs significantly from the original tissue it replaces. In the skin, fibrosis lacks adnexal structures such as hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Their absence reduces tactile sensitivity, impairs...

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

Nails are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are hard, protective structures that cover the dorsal surface of the distal phalanges of fingers and toes. Nails are composed of specialized keratinized cells and serve various functions, including protection, sensation, and manual dexterity.
The main components of a nail include the following.
Nail Plate: The nail plate is the visible portion of the nail that extends beyond the fingertips or toes. It is a hard, translucent...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

The Generation of Closed Femoral Fractures in Mice: A Model to Study Bone Healing

The Generation of Closed Femoral Fractures in Mice: A Model to Study Bone Healing

Published on: August 16, 2018

Milker's callus.

T P Vetrichevvel¹, C Udayashankar, P Oudeacoumar

¹Department of Dermatology and STD, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Pondicherry, India.

Dermatology Online Journal

|August 23, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Professional milkers can develop distinctive thumb calluses due to repetitive friction. This occupational dermatosis highlights the skin

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

The Generation of Closed Femoral Fractures in Mice: A Model to Study Bone Healing

The Generation of Closed Femoral Fractures in Mice: A Model to Study Bone Healing

Published on: August 16, 2018

Area of Science:

Dermatology
Occupational Health

Background:

Calluses are a common skin response to repeated pressure or friction.
They often serve as indicators of specific occupational activities.

Observation:

This study observed the occurrence of calluses on the thumbs of professional milkers.
These calluses appeared as diffuse areas of hyperkeratosis.

Findings:

Thumb calluses in professional milkers are identified as a specific occupational dermatosis.
The findings link repetitive hand actions in milking to localized skin changes.

Implications:

Recognizing these calluses can aid in diagnosing work-related skin conditions.
This emphasizes the need for protective measures and ergonomic considerations in dairy farming.