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Related Concept Videos

Hydraulic Jump: Problem Solving01:16

Hydraulic Jump: Problem Solving

To analyze a hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel with a flow speed of 6 meters per second, follow these steps:Calculate Effective Upstream Velocity:When the downstream gate closes, a hydraulic jump forms, traveling upstream at 2 meters per second. This wave speed combines with the initial channel flow velocity, creating an effective upstream velocity.Identify Flow Velocities Before and After the Hydraulic Jump:Upstream of the hydraulic jump, the effective flow velocity includes both the...
Hydraulic Jump01:29

Hydraulic Jump

A hydraulic jump is a sudden rise in fluid depth in open channels, occurring when high-velocity (supercritical) flow transitions to low-velocity (subcritical) flow. This phenomenon requires an upstream Froude number greater than 1, as flows with Fr1<1 remain subcritical, making a hydraulic jump impossible due to the need for negative head loss, which violates thermodynamic principles.The characteristics of a hydraulic jump depend on the upstream Froude number and are classified as...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Effects of a Novel Neuromuscular Training Intervention on Jump, Sprint, and Change of Direction in Adult Female Soccer Players
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Humans adjust control to initial squat depth in vertical squat jumping.

Maarten F Bobbert1, L J Richard Casius, Igor W T Sijpkens

  • 1Research Institute MOVE, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m_f_bobbert@fbw.vu.nl

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|August 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Human jump control strategy involves adjusting muscle activation timing based on initial posture. This coordination optimizes jump height without needing an internal model of the body.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Human Motor Control
  • Sports Science

Background:

  • Understanding human motor control strategies is crucial for optimizing athletic performance.
  • Previous research has explored muscle activation patterns during jumping, but optimal control strategies across varied initial postures remain less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neuromuscular control strategies employed by humans during vertical squat jumps from different initial postures.
  • To determine if observed muscle activation adjustments align with optimal control principles derived from a musculoskeletal model.

Main Methods:

  • Eight male gymnasts performed squat jumps from five distinct initial postures.
  • Kinematic data, ground reaction forces, and surface electromyograms (SREMGs) of leg muscles were recorded.
  • A musculoskeletal model simulated jumps, optimizing muscle stimulation onsets (Stim) for maximum height.

Main Results:

  • Subjects executed well-coordinated jumps across all initial postures.
  • Surface electromyogram (SREMG) onsets showed systematic shifts relative to initial posture, mirroring optimal stimulation onset adjustments in the model.
  • Plantarflexor activation preceded gluteus maximus in shallow squats (P1) and followed in deep squats (P5).

Conclusions:

  • Adjustments in SREMG onsets are functional, contributing to maximizing jump height from various initial postures.
  • A mapping between initial posture and muscle stimulation onsets can generate successful jumps, suggesting a feedforward control mechanism.
  • The findings do not necessitate assuming an internal dynamics model of the musculoskeletal system in the brain for explaining postural adjustments.