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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Maturation of Endosomes01:28

Maturation of Endosomes

The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
Changes in location
The maturing endosome moves along microtubules from the periphery of the cell towards the perinuclear region. This movement of the...

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Live Cell Imaging of Early Autophagy Events: Omegasomes and Beyond
09:00

Live Cell Imaging of Early Autophagy Events: Omegasomes and Beyond

Published on: July 27, 2013

Dissecting autophagosome formation: the missing pieces.

Zhiping Xie1, Usha Nair, Daniel J Klionsky

  • 1Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216, USA.

Autophagy
|August 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Autophagosome formation, a key part of macroautophagy, involves the protein Atg8 controlling phagophore expansion. Time-lapse microscopy of GFP-Atg8 helps visualize and understand this crucial cellular process.

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Live Cell Imaging of Early Autophagy Events: Omegasomes and Beyond
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Published on: July 27, 2013

Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy
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Imaging ATG9A, a Multi-Spanning Membrane Protein

Published on: June 16, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Autophagy Research

Background:

  • Autophagosome formation is central to macroautophagy, but the dynamics of membrane expansion at the phagophore assembly site (PAS) are not fully understood.
  • The precise roles of proteins involved in autophagosome biogenesis, particularly Atg8, remain an area of active investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Atg8 in controlling membrane dynamics during autophagosome formation.
  • To utilize time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to visualize and dissect the process of autophagosome biogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Observation of GFP-Atg8 localization and dynamics using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy.
  • Analysis of phagophore expansion and membrane dynamics at the PAS.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that Atg8, a lipid-conjugated ubiquitin-like protein, plays a crucial role in controlling the expansion of the phagophore.
  • Successfully traced and dissected the autophagosome formation process by observing GFP-Atg8 over time.

Conclusions:

  • Atg8 is a key regulator of phagophore expansion during autophagosome formation.
  • Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of GFP-Atg8 provides a valuable tool for studying the dynamics of macroautophagy.