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Related Concept Videos

Continuous Charge Distributions01:17

Continuous Charge Distributions

Imagine a bucket of water. It contains many molecules, of the order of 1026 molecules. Thus, although it contains discrete elements (molecules) at the microscopic level, macroscopically, it can be considered continuous. Small volume elements of water, infinitesimal compared to the bulk of the bucket's volume, still contain many molecules. Under this framework, quantized matter is approximated as continuous for practical purposes.
The electric charge can also be subjected to an analogical...
Mass Analyzers: Common Types01:19

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
Electric Field Lines01:25

Electric Field Lines

The three-dimensional representation of the electric field of a positive point charge requires tracing the electric field vectors, whose lengths decrease as the square of their distance from the charge and which point away from the charge at each point. This vector field is no doubt challenging to visualize. The visualization of electric fields becomes quickly intractable as the number of charges increases.
The solution to this problem is to use electric field lines, which are not vectors but...
Mass Analyzers: Overview01:13

Mass Analyzers: Overview

The mass analyzer is a crucial component of the mass spectrometer. In the ionization chamber, the vaporized sample is bombarded with a high-energy electron beam to generate a radical cation and further fragment into neutral molecules, radicals, and cations. A series of negatively charged accelerator plates accelerate the cations into the mass analyzer. The mass analyzer separates ions according to their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios and then directs them to the detector. The common types of mass...
Energy Associated With a Charge Distribution01:21

Energy Associated With a Charge Distribution

The work done to bring a charge through a distance r is given by the potential difference between the initial and the final position. To assemble a collection of point charges, the total work done can be expressed in terms of the product of each pair of charges divided by their separation distance, defined with respect to a suitable origin. Solving this expression gives the energy stored in a point charge distribution.
Motion Of A Charged Particle In A Magnetic Field01:22

Motion Of A Charged Particle In A Magnetic Field

A charged particle experiences a force when moving through a magnetic field. Consider the field to be uniform and the charged particle to move perpendicular to it. If the field is in a vacuum, the magnetic field is the dominant factor determining the motion. Since the magnetic force is perpendicular to the direction of motion, a charged particle follows a curved path. The particle continues to follow this curved path until it forms a complete circle. Another way to look at this is that the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
11:03

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

Quantification and visualization of charged particle range variations.

Shinichiro Mori1, George T Y Chen

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA. shinshin@nirs.go.jp

International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
|August 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Respiration causes range variations in charged particle beams, affecting treatment accuracy. New software quantifies these water equivalent pathlength (WEL) variations, aiding lung tumor treatment planning and improving robustness against motion.

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High Resolution Physical Characterization of Single Metallic Nanoparticles
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High Resolution Physical Characterization of Single Metallic Nanoparticles

Published on: June 28, 2019

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
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An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

High Resolution Physical Characterization of Single Metallic Nanoparticles
09:56

High Resolution Physical Characterization of Single Metallic Nanoparticles

Published on: June 28, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Medical physics
  • Radiation oncology
  • Image analysis

Background:

  • Respiration-induced motion significantly impacts charged particle beam penetration depth.
  • Variations in water equivalent pathlength (WEL) can lead to beam overshoot or undershoot, compromising target coverage.
  • Accurate quantification of WEL variations is crucial for effective lung tumor radiotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate analysis tools for quantifying respiration-induced water equivalent pathlength (WEL) variations.
  • To create a data explorer for interactive visualization of WEL variations during respiration.
  • To assess the impact of WEL variations on charged particle beam penetration in lung cancer patients.

Main Methods:

  • Semiautomated calculation of metrics to characterize charged particle beam penetration during respiration.
  • Generation of images encoding radiologic pathlength, WEL variations, isopenetration, and range fluctuations.
  • Calculation of beam overshoot volume and distance as a function of time, gantry angle, and position.
  • Application of four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) data for analysis.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the utility of the developed software tools in analyzing range variations for lung tumor treatment cases.
  • Illustrated the capability to quantify WEL variations and their impact on charged particle beam delivery.
  • Provided examples of range fluctuation images for compensating bolus design.

Conclusions:

  • Water equivalent pathlength (WEL) analysis enables rapid assessment of range variations in lung tumor radiotherapy.
  • The tools aid in optimizing gantry angle and respiratory gating windows for improved treatment precision.
  • Encoding range fluctuations in a beam's eye view display enhances the design of motion-robust treatment plans.