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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...
Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed to...
Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

A Mini-Invasive Internal Fixation Technique for Studying Immobilization-Induced Knee Flexion Contracture in Rats
05:34

A Mini-Invasive Internal Fixation Technique for Studying Immobilization-Induced Knee Flexion Contracture in Rats

Published on: May 20, 2019

Guided growth for fixed knee flexion deformity.

Joshua Klatt1, Peter M Stevens

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA.

Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics
|August 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces guided growth using anterior 8-plates to safely correct fixed knee flexion deformity in children. The technique offers gradual correction with minimal complications, providing an alternative to traditional surgical methods.

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A Mini-Invasive Internal Fixation Technique for Studying Immobilization-Induced Knee Flexion Contracture in Rats
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Published on: February 27, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Pediatric orthopedics
  • Biomechanical engineering

Background:

  • Fixed knee flexion deformity (FKFD) complicates management in neuromuscular conditions like cerebral palsy.
  • FKFD leads to increased energy expenditure, pain, and compensatory deformities (hip flexion, lumbar lordosis, pseudo equinus).
  • Existing treatments (bracing, PT, osteotomy, posterior release) have significant complication risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate a novel guided growth technique for correcting fixed knee flexion deformity (FKFD).
  • To assess the safety and efficacy of using anterior 8-plates for gradual distal femur correction.
  • To compare this method with traditional surgical interventions for FKFD.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective clinical study of 18 patients (29 deformities) treated with bilateral anterior 8-plates for guided growth.
  • Simultaneous, bilateral correction without immobilization, allowing combination with other procedures.
  • Review of patient charts and radiographs to assess correction and complications.

Main Results:

  • Average correction of 1.3 degrees (range 0.0-4.8 degrees) achieved across 29 deformities.
  • Minimal complications reported, with no inadvertent coronal plane deformities.
  • Plates were removed upon achieving full correction to prevent recurvatum.

Conclusions:

  • Guided growth with anterior 8-plates is an effective and safe method for gradually correcting FKFD in pediatric patients.
  • This technique serves as a viable alternative to posterior capsulotomy or supracondylar extension osteotomy.
  • The method facilitates correction in growing children and adolescents, minimizing risks associated with more invasive procedures.