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Related Concept Videos

Mismatch Repair01:36

Mismatch Repair

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Mismatch Repair01:36

Mismatch Repair

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Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
Nondisjunction01:29

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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...
Nondisjunction01:29

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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.

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High Throughput Microfluidic Rapid and Low Cost Prototyping Packaging Methods
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Published on: December 23, 2013

Mismatched connections.

I T Houghton1

  • 1Sir John Case Department of Art, Media and Design, London Metropolitan University, London, UK.

Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
|August 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mismatched anaesthetic equipment connectors posed risks to patient ventilation. Standardization efforts and the eventual adoption of disposable systems resolved these critical safety issues in breathing circuits.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Devices
  • Anesthesiology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Historically, anaesthetic equipment utilized diverse connector sizes, leading to potential mismatches.
  • Non-standardized connectors in breathing systems created risks of gas leaks and ventilation failures.
  • Early standardization attempts, like British Standard 3849 (1965), partially addressed but did not fully resolve connector issues.

Observation:

  • Manufacturers' varied designs persisted, causing ongoing problems with anaesthetic breathing systems.
  • Adoption of differing International Standards Organisation designs further complicated connector compatibility.
  • The transition to universally interchangeable connectors took approximately twenty years.

Findings:

  • Mismatched taper connections were a significant historical problem in anaesthetic breathing systems.
  • A lack of gas-tight seals due to incompatible connectors jeopardized patient ventilation.
  • The evolution towards disposable breathing systems coincided with the widespread adoption of standardized connectors.

Implications:

  • Standardization of anaesthetic connectors is crucial for patient safety and effective ventilation.
  • The shift to disposable systems improved safety and usability in anaesthesia.
  • Understanding historical challenges informs current medical device design and regulatory standards.