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Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Air-sampled Filter Analysis for Endotoxins and DNA Content
09:16

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Published on: March 7, 2016

Alternative water sources and endotoxin.

J O'Toole1, M Sinclair, T Jeavons

  • 1Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University Australia, The Alfred, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, 3004, Australia. joanne.o'toole@med.monash.edu.au

Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research
|August 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study measured endotoxin levels in Australian recycled water. Recycled water without membrane filtration had higher endotoxin concentrations than drinking water.

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Published on: June 24, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Microbiology
  • Water Quality

Background:

  • Endotoxins are components of Gram-negative bacteria, posing potential health risks.
  • Assessing endotoxin levels in various water sources is crucial for public health and water management.
  • Australian regulations define Class A recycled water based on microbiological parameters like E. coli.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine endotoxin concentrations in diverse Australian water types, with a focus on recycled water.
  • To compare endotoxin levels between different water treatment processes and sources.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of membrane filtration in reducing endotoxin levels in recycled water.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a preliminary study across 42 Australian water sampling sites.
  • Collected 76 samples from drinking water distribution, reservoirs, wastewater treatment trains, and finished recycled water.
  • Measured endotoxin concentrations using Endotoxin Units (EU) per mL.

Main Results:

  • Class A recycled water without membrane filtration averaged 2,030 EU/mL (N=7).
  • Class A recycled water with membrane filtration averaged 41 EU/mL (N=3).
  • Drinking water endotoxin levels ranged from <4 to 119 EU/mL.

Conclusions:

  • Endotoxin concentrations in recycled water can be reduced to levels comparable to drinking water.
  • Recycled water treated without membrane filtration may retain higher endotoxin levels.
  • Membrane filtration appears effective in lowering endotoxin concentrations in recycled water.