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Related Concept Videos

Microtubules in Signaling01:22

Microtubules in Signaling

The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Catenins01:23

Catenins

Catenins are characterized by multiple binding domains and dynamic structures that allow them to function as linker proteins in cell junction complexes. All catenins, except α-catenin, contain a characteristic protein sequence called the armadillo repeat and are therefore also called armadillo proteins.
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Catenins bind to cell adhesion molecules such as cadherins and link them to different cytoskeletal proteins depending on the type of cell junction. At the adherens...
Introduction to the Cytoskeleton01:33

Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

Overview of the Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments present within the cell, having three distinct filaments ̶   microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Each has characteristic features that distinguish them, including the dynamics of their assembly and disassembly, mechanical properties, polarity, and the type of molecular motors associated with them. Earlier, they were thought to be present only in eukaryotic cells; however, their homologs were...
Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles01:16

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles

Hair and hair follicles are integral components of the integumentary system. Hair is a filamentous structure composed mainly of a protein called keratin. It is found on the surface of the skin throughout the body, except for areas such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Hair is a keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis. It is primarily made of dead, keratinized cells. Hair strands originate at the epidermal penetration called the hair follicle. The hair shaft is the part...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Volumetric Imaging and Analysis of Primary Cilia in Musculoskeletal Tissue using the ARL13B-CENTRIN-2 Mouse Model
09:53

Volumetric Imaging and Analysis of Primary Cilia in Musculoskeletal Tissue using the ARL13B-CENTRIN-2 Mouse Model

Published on: March 28, 2025

Primary cilia: cellular sensors for the skeleton.

Charles T Anderson1, Alesha B Castillo, Samantha A Brugmann

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. ctanders@stanford.edu

Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)
|August 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Primary cilia are crucial cellular sensors involved in skeletal development and homeostasis. This review explores their structure, function, and unanswered questions in skeletal biology.

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Volumetric Imaging and Analysis of Primary Cilia in Musculoskeletal Tissue using the ARL13B-CENTRIN-2 Mouse Model
09:53

Volumetric Imaging and Analysis of Primary Cilia in Musculoskeletal Tissue using the ARL13B-CENTRIN-2 Mouse Model

Published on: March 28, 2025

Simple Detection of Primary Cilia by Immunofluorescence
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Simple Detection of Primary Cilia by Immunofluorescence

Published on: May 15, 2020

Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia
08:14

Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia

Published on: April 14, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Skeletal Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The primary cilium is a ubiquitous, solitary organelle in mammalian cells.
  • It functions as a cellular sensor for chemical and mechanical signals.
  • Primary cilia are implicated in developmental pathways and various human diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the structure and formation of primary cilia.
  • To discuss their roles as mechanosensors and chemosensors, particularly in skeletal biology.
  • To identify knowledge gaps and future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research.
  • Focus on primary cilia's role in skeletal development and homeostasis.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways influenced by primary cilia.

Main Results:

  • Primary cilia are essential for sensing mechanical and chemical cues.
  • Their dysfunction is linked to skeletal abnormalities and diseases.
  • Evidence suggests a significant role in bone development and maintenance.

Conclusions:

  • Primary cilia are critical regulators of skeletal biology.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand their sensory mechanisms and therapeutic potential.
  • Investigating primary cilia offers new avenues for treating skeletal disorders.