Non-invasive mass transfer measurements in complex biofilm-coated structures

We demonstrate a novel application of (13)C pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR to monitor mass transfer, due to both flow and diffusion, in a 3D complex porous support structure modified by biofilm growth. This enables timescales an order of magnitude larger than previously possible to be accessed with respect to displacement probability distribution (propagator) measurements. The evolution in the propagator shape with observation time to the Gaussian asymptote (constant dispersion coefficient) is consequently well resolved. We also simulated the measured displacement propagators with good agreement between experiment and prediction. The methodology has significant potential for the selective characterization of the transport of nutrients, metabolic products, pollutants and biocides in such complex biofilm-containing structures.