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Related Concept Videos

Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...
Liver Histology01:27

Liver Histology

The microscopic anatomy of the liver is a complex and intricate system that comprises numerous structural units known as liver lobules, each of which is comparable in size to a sesame seed. These hexagonal structures consist of plates of liver cells or hepatocytes, which are characterized by their versatility and abundance of cellular apparatus like rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
Hepatocytes perform a variety of essential functions. They secrete...
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The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
Cells of Liver
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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...

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A Hepatocellular Cancer Patient-Derived Organoid Xenograft Model to Investigate Impact of Liver Regeneration on Tumor Growth
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Hepatocellular dysplastic nodules.

Massimo Roncalli1, Mauro Borzio, Luca Di Tommaso

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Milan, Istituto Clinico Humanitas of Rozzano, Milan, Italy. massimo.roncalli@unimi.it

Annali Italiani Di Chirurgia
|August 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Distinguishing precancerous nodules from early liver cancer in cirrhosis is challenging. New markers are needed to accurately classify these borderline lesions for better patient management.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology and Carcinogenesis
  • Diagnostic Pathology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Hepatic carcinogenesis involves a progression of lesions in cirrhosis, including regenerative nodules and dysplastic nodules (low and high grade).
  • Distinguishing high-grade dysplastic nodules (HGDN) from early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is critical but difficult, especially for nodules 1-2 cm.
  • Current non-invasive imaging techniques often fail to differentiate malignant from non-malignant nodules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges in classifying liver nodules in cirrhotic patients.
  • To emphasize the need for improved diagnostic tools for borderline liver lesions.
  • To discuss the integration of various diagnostic modalities for accurate classification.

Main Methods:

  • Histopathological analysis of liver biopsies using cyto-architectural features.
  • Application of histochemical and immunocytochemical stainings for specific markers (e.g., CK7/19, ASMA, CD34, HSP70, Glipican 3).
  • Integration of imaging data (ultrasound, CT/MR) with clinical and pathological findings.

Main Results:

  • Liver biopsy with specific staining is essential for diagnosing nodules in cirrhosis.
  • Diagnostic sensitivity is limited by sample size and representativity.
  • Discrepancies exist in classifying borderline lesions between Eastern and Western pathologists.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate distinction of borderline liver nodules requires integrating clinical, imaging, and pathological data.
  • Novel, objective phenotypical and molecular markers are needed for precise classification.
  • Improved diagnostic tools will enhance understanding of the progression from dysplasia to HCC and guide optimal therapy.