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Related Concept Videos

Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
Jaundice01:25

Jaundice

Jaundice, or icterus, is the yellow discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes. It happens when plasma bilirubin levels rise above 2.5-3 mg/dL, leading to bilirubin deposition in tissue.Bilirubin is a byproduct of hemoglobin degradation. In macrophages, hemoglobin breaks down into globin and heme. Globin is converted into amino acids, while heme is turned into biliverdin by heme oxygenase, which is then reduced to unconjugated bilirubin by biliverdin reductase.Unconjugated...
Fixation and Sectioning01:03

Fixation and Sectioning

Two basic types of preparation are used to visualize specimens with a light microscope: wet mounts and fixed specimens.
The simplest type of preparation is the wet mount, in which the specimen is placed in a drop of liquid on the slide. A liquid specimen can be directly deposited on the slide using a dropper. Solid specimens, such as skin scraping, can be placed on the slide before adding a drop of liquid to prepare the wet mount. Sometimes the liquid is simply water, but stains are often added...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Quantification of Hypopigmentation Activity In Vitro
06:08

Quantification of Hypopigmentation Activity In Vitro

Published on: March 6, 2019

Hydroxychloroquine-induced hyperpigmentation: the staining pattern.

Puja K Puri1, Nektarios I Lountzis, William Tyler

  • 1Department of Dermatology/Dermatopathology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA 17822, USA. pkpuri@geisinger.edu

Journal of Cutaneous Pathology
|August 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydroxychloroquine can cause gray-blue skin hyperpigmentation due to pigment deposition in the dermis. This study details two cases, suggesting hydroxychloroquine binds to melanin, similar to chloroquine.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Hydroxychloroquine is widely prescribed for autoimmune conditions.
  • Skin hyperpigmentation is a known, albeit uncommon, side effect of antimalarial drugs.

Observation:

  • Two female patients developed distinct skin hyperpigmentation after prolonged hydroxychloroquine use.
  • Case 1 presented with reticulated gray pigmentation on the back/shoulders; Case 2 showed blue pigmentation on the temple.

Findings:

  • Biopsies revealed superficial dermal pigment deposition, stained by Fontana-Masson but not Perl's iron.
  • This staining pattern suggests a unique pigment composition, distinct from previous reports involving melanin and hemosiderin.

Implications:

  • The findings support that hydroxychloroquine, like chloroquine, can bind to melanin.
  • This contributes to understanding the mechanism of hydroxychloroquine-induced hyperpigmentation.