Deletion of two growth-factor repeats from the low-density-lipoprotein receptor accelerates its degradation

The region of the low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) receptor showing sequence similarity to the epidermal-growth-factor (EGF) precursor is required for LDL binding and the acid-induced dissociation of ligand and receptor. We describe here a naturally occurring mutant LDL receptor, found in a patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, which lacks the first two growth-factor-like repeats of the EGF-precursor-like ('homology') domain. The mutation in the receptor gene is a 2.5 kb deletion including exons 7 and 8. The molecular mass of the mutant receptor (145 kDa) was approx. 15 kDa smaller than the normal LDL receptor. The mutant receptors were derived from precursors (105 kDa) that apparently underwent normal processing. Fibroblasts from the patient had high-affinity binding sites for the the apolipoprotein E-containing ligand, beta VLDL, but did not bind LDL. In the presence of beta VLDL, receptors were rapidly degraded. The mutant receptors also displayed an abnormally rapid turnover, about four times faster than that of normal receptors, in the absence of ligand; this accelerated degradation accounted for the low level of expression of mutant receptors in up-regulated cells. These data support a role for the growth-factor-like repeats in the binding of LDL (but not beta VLDL) and in receptor recycling, and indicate that a normal rate of turnover of unoccupied receptors is dependent on the integrity of these segments of the protein.