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Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Creating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET: Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking
14:21

Creating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET: Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking

Published on: August 6, 2013

Does heightened affect make smoking cues more salient?

Saul Shiffman1, Chad J Gwaltney

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Smoking Research Group, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. shiffman@pitt.edu

Journal of Abnormal Psychology
|August 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Negative affect (NA) states are linked to smoking relapse. This study found NA did not increase sensitivity to smoking cues, challenging indirect relapse models. Relapse prevention may need to focus on direct NA effects.

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Creating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET: Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking
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Electroencephalographic, Heart Rate, and Galvanic Skin Response Assessment for an Advertising Perception Study: Application to Antismoking Public Service Announcements
06:39

Electroencephalographic, Heart Rate, and Galvanic Skin Response Assessment for an Advertising Perception Study: Application to Antismoking Public Service Announcements

Published on: August 28, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Addiction Research
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Negative affect (NA) is strongly linked to smoking relapse.
  • Mechanisms connecting NA to relapse remain unclear.
  • Some theories propose NA increases reactivity to smoking cues, indirectly causing relapse.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if negative affect increases smokers' reactivity to smoking cues.
  • To test the hypothesis that NA indirectly promotes lapses via cue reactivity.

Main Methods:

  • Secondary analysis of data from 248 smokers attempting to quit.
  • Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) used for self-monitoring.
  • Examined affective valence, smoking cues (e.g., others smoking, alcohol, coffee), and lapses.

Main Results:

  • Affective valence consistently affected lapse odds.
  • No interaction found between affective valence and smoking cues.
  • The effect of smoking cues on lapse odds was diminished under NA.

Conclusions:

  • Findings do not support the hypothesis that NA increases cue reactivity.
  • The direct link between NA and smoking relapse requires further investigation.
  • Current models of NA and smoking relapse may need revision.