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Related Concept Videos

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure to...
Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers01:16

Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers

In cardiovascular health, antianginal drugs combat angina pectoris — a condition marked by chest pain owing to diminished blood flow to the heart.
Organic nitrates,  such as nitroglycerin, play a pivotal role. Once metabolized, they liberate nitric oxide, a molecular marvel. Nitric oxide triggers guanylyl cyclase and augments cGMP production. This biochemical cascade orchestrates the relaxation of vascular smooth muscles, ushering in vasodilation and enhancing coronary blood flow. Administered...
Antianginal Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers and Ranolazine01:25

Antianginal Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers and Ranolazine

Angina pectoris, a primary symptom of ischemic heart disease, requires careful pharmacological interventions. In this context, calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and ranolazine have emerged as crucial pharmacotherapeutic agents, providing deep insights into the complexities of angina management.
CCBs, a diverse class that includes dihydropyridines (nifedipine) and diphenylalkylamines (verapamil and diltiazem), exert their effect by blocking calcium channels in cardiac and smooth muscle cells. This...
Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme nitrate reductase...

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ARCTIC: assessment of haemodynamic response in patients with congestive heart failure to telmisartan: a multicentre dose-ranging study in Canada.

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Nitrate therapy for stable angina pectoris.

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Cardiovascular death and left ventricular remodeling two years after myocardial infarction: baseline predictors and impact of long-term use of captopril: information from the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) trial.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Measuring Nitrite and Nitrate, Metabolites in the Nitric Oxide Pathway, in Biological Materials using the Chemiluminescence Method
08:25

Measuring Nitrite and Nitrate, Metabolites in the Nitric Oxide Pathway, in Biological Materials using the Chemiluminescence Method

Published on: December 25, 2016

Nitrate tolerance--can it be prevented?

J O Parker1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

European Heart Journal
|May 1, 1991
PubMed
Summary

Tolerance to organic nitrates, particularly with continuous dosing, can be overcome. Intermittent therapy or controlled-release formulations, like isosorbide-5-mononitrate, prevent nitrate tolerance by allowing washout periods.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine

Background:

  • Organic nitrates are widely used for angina treatment.
  • Tolerance to organic nitrates can develop during continuous therapy, diminishing their effectiveness.
  • The exact mechanisms underlying nitrate tolerance are not fully elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the phenomenon of nitrate tolerance in cardiovascular therapy.
  • To investigate the mechanisms potentially involved in nitrate tolerance.
  • To evaluate strategies for preventing or overcoming nitrate tolerance.

Main Methods:

  • Assessing hemodynamic, anti-anginal, and anti-ischemic effects during nitrate therapy.
  • Investigating potential mechanisms including sulfhydryl group depletion and counter-regulatory responses.

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Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds
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Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Measuring Nitrite and Nitrate, Metabolites in the Nitric Oxide Pathway, in Biological Materials using the Chemiluminescence Method
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Procedures of Laboratory Fumigation for Pest Control with Nitric Oxide Gas
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Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds

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  • Evaluating intermittent nitrate therapy and controlled-release formulations.

    • Main Results:

    • Tolerance to organic nitrates is a recognized clinical issue, especially with 24-hour dosing regimens.
    • Potential mechanisms include reduced nitric oxide production and activation of counter-regulatory systems.
    • Intermittent nitrate therapy and controlled-release formulations appear to prevent tolerance.

    Conclusions:

    • Nitrate tolerance can significantly impact therapeutic efficacy.
    • Understanding the mechanisms is crucial for optimizing nitrate therapy.
    • Intermittent dosing or controlled-release formulations are effective strategies to avoid tolerance and maintain therapeutic benefits.