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Related Concept Videos

Heart Sounds01:15

Heart Sounds

Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the valves, where the blood flow disseminates the sound.
Auscultation is the process of listening to these internal body sounds using a stethoscope. The heart produces four types of sounds, but only two—S1 and S2—can usually be heard with a stethoscope.
S1, also known as the "lub" sound, is caused by the closure of atrioventricular (A-V) valves at the...
Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation01:25

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:
Heart Valves01:16

Heart Valves

The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:22

Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
Anatomy of the Heart01:20

Anatomy of the Heart

The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
The heart is made up of four...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

In utero Measurement of Heart Rate in Mouse by Noninvasive M-mode Echocardiography
08:01

In utero Measurement of Heart Rate in Mouse by Noninvasive M-mode Echocardiography

Published on: November 22, 2013

Innocent heart murmurs.

Paula Martins1, Alexandra Dinis, Jani Canha

  • 1Serviço de Cardiologia Pediátrico, Hospital Pediátrico de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. paula_mrtns@yahoo.com

Revista Portuguesa De Cardiologia : Orgao Oficial Da Sociedade Portuguesa De Cardiologia = Portuguese Journal of Cardiology : an Official Journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology
|August 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Differentiating innocent heart murmurs from pathological ones in children is crucial. This review highlights clinical history and physical exam findings to aid diagnosis, minimizing unnecessary tests.

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

In utero Measurement of Heart Rate in Mouse by Noninvasive M-mode Echocardiography
08:01

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Published on: November 22, 2013

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
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Murine Fetal Echocardiography
08:04

Murine Fetal Echocardiography

Published on: February 15, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Cardiology
  • Diagnostic Medicine

Background:

  • Innocent heart murmurs are common in pediatric patients.
  • Distinguishing innocent murmurs from pathological heart disease can be challenging for clinicians.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key clinical features for differentiating innocent heart murmurs from pathological causes in children.
  • To guide the appropriate use of diagnostic testing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of medical literature on pediatric heart murmurs.
  • Analysis of clinical history elements suggestive of innocent versus pathological murmurs.
  • Evaluation of physical examination findings for diagnostic clues.
  • Assessment of the role and utility of diagnostic tests.

Main Results:

  • Specific historical and physical examination findings can aid in differentiating innocent murmurs.
  • Certain features strongly suggest underlying cardiac pathology, warranting further investigation.
  • The judicious use of diagnostic tests can support clinical assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Clinical assessment remains paramount in diagnosing innocent heart murmurs.
  • A thorough history and physical examination are essential to avoid unnecessary investigations.
  • Diagnostic tests should be employed strategically when clinical suspicion of heart disease is high.