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Related Concept Videos

Amines: Introduction01:07

Amines: Introduction

Amines are organic derivatives of ammonia. They are formed by replacing one or more ammonia protons with alkyl or aryl groups. Depending upon the number of organyl groups bonded to nitrogen, amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary amines have one organyl group attached to the nitrogen atom, while secondary and tertiary amines have two and three organyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom, respectively.
NMR Spectroscopy Of Amines01:19

NMR Spectroscopy Of Amines

In proton NMR spectroscopy, primary amines and secondary amines showcase their N–H protons as a broad signal in the chemical shift range between δ 0.5 and 5 ppm. The exact position in this range depends on several factors, including sample concentration, hydrogen bonding, and the type of solvent used. Since amine protons undergo fast proton exchange in solution, the protons are labile and therefore do not participate in any splitting with adjacent protons. Thus, the observed peak is broad and...
Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Mass Spectrometry of Amines01:15

Mass Spectrometry of Amines

In mass spectroscopy, amines undergo fragmentation to give parent ions with odd molecule weights. This observed mass spectrum follows the nitrogen rule; a molecule with an odd number of nitrogen atoms produces a molecular ion with an odd molecular weight. Amines undergo fragmentation through α cleavage, producing nitrogen-containing cations—iminium ions—and alkyl radicals. Mass spectra of aromatic and cyclic aliphatic amines exhibit strong molecular ion peaks, but acyclic aliphatic amines show...
Structure of Amines01:19

Structure of Amines

The hybridized nitrogen atom in amines possesses a lone pair of electrons and is bound to three substituents with a bond angle of around 108°, which is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. However, the C–N–H bond angle is slightly larger at 112°, with a carbon–nitrogen bond length of 147 pm. This carbon–nitrogen bond length of of amines is longer than the carbon–oxygen bond of alcohols (143 pm) but shorter than alkanes’ carbon–carbon bond (154 pm). These aspects are illustrated in Figure...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
06:27

Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement

Published on: June 11, 2014

Ammonia--when something smells wrong.

Igor Makarovsky1, Gal Markel, Tsvika Dushnitsky

  • 1CBRN Medicine Branch, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Force, Israel.

The Israel Medical Association Journal : IMAJ
|August 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Anhydrous ammonia exposure poses significant health risks, primarily affecting the respiratory system and skin. Medical management focuses on supportive care, as no specific antidote exists for ammonia poisoning.

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Environmental Health
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Ammonia is a prevalent household and industrial chemical.
  • Accidental anhydrous ammonia spills are documented, but intentional terrorist use is rare.
  • Ammonia tankers present a potential threat to nearby civilian populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the primary health concerns associated with ammonia exposure.
  • To outline the fundamental principles of medical management following ammonia exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of medical and electronic press.
  • Analysis of health issues and emergency response principles.

Main Results:

  • Ammonia causes direct tissue damage due to its alkaline and irritant properties.

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Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

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An Improved Technique for Trimethylamine Detection in Animal-Derived Medicine by Headspace Gas Chromatography-Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry
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An Improved Technique for Trimethylamine Detection in Animal-Derived Medicine by Headspace Gas Chromatography-Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

Published on: March 10, 2023

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

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Published on: June 11, 2014

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Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

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An Improved Technique for Trimethylamine Detection in Animal-Derived Medicine by Headspace Gas Chromatography-Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry
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  • Clinical effects include respiratory distress (hypoxia, bronchospasm, pulmonary edema), hypovolemia, and skin/eye burns.
  • Management is primarily supportive, with no specific antidote available.

    • Conclusions:

    • Prompt emergency response, including evacuation and decontamination, is crucial.
    • Immediate medical care involves life-saving measures and supportive treatment.
    • Antibiotics and corticosteroids may aid in preventing delayed complications.