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Related Concept Videos

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Mechanism of Action01:18

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Mechanism of Action

Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists work by interacting with an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the synaptic cleft. They can be reversible or irreversible inhibitors and have different effects on the enzyme.
Reversible inhibitors like edrophonium bind to a specific part of the enzyme called the anionic catalytic site. They form noncovalent bonds, which means they are not strongly attached to the enzyme. This creates a temporary and less stable enzyme–inhibitor complex, leading to...
Cholinergic Neurons: Neurotransmission01:23

Cholinergic Neurons: Neurotransmission

Cholinergic neurotransmission involves the synthesis and the release of acetylcholine (ACh) in order to transmit nerve impulses across the synapse. The process begins with the synthesis of acetyl CoA, a precursor for ACh, from ATP, acetate, and coenzyme A in the mitochondria. Choline, another vital precursor, is transported inside the neuron through choline transporters, including high-affinity choline transporter CHT1, low-affinity choline transporter CTL1, and lower-affinity choline...
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists are agents that interact with the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the synaptic cleft, preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine into choline and acetate. Consequently, the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft increases. These agonists can be classified into reversible and irreversible inhibitors based on their duration of action.
Reversible inhibitors display short to medium durations of action. Short-acting agents include simple alcohols with...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters01:29

Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters

When an action potential reaches the presynaptic axon terminal, it releases neurotransmitters from the neuron into the synaptic cleft at a chemical synapse. The released neurotransmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory. The critical criteria commonly used to determine whether a molecule is a neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse are the molecule's presence in the presynaptic neuron. Second, its release is in response to strong presynaptic depolarization. And lastly, the presence of specific...
Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay01:27

Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay

The thalamus, often called “the gateway to the cerebral cortex,” is vital in processing and directing sensory and motor signals throughout the brain. Almost all inputs destined for the cerebral cortex, except for olfactory signals, are relayed through the thalamus. The thalamus is  a sophisticated relay station, channeling information from various brain regions to the cerebral cortex, as well as a filter, prioritizing certain signals over others based on current physiological states or needs.
Cholinergic Receptors: Muscarinic01:25

Cholinergic Receptors: Muscarinic

The pharmacological actions of acetylcholine are elicited via its binding to two families of cholinergic receptors or cholinoceptors, namely, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors and have five subtypes, M1–M5. All mAChR subtypes are activated by acetylcholine and blocked by the antagonist, atropine. 
The subtypes M1, M3, and M5 couple with the Gq subunit and activate the phospholipase C (PLC) activity, mobilizing intracellular Ca2+. Activation...

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Electrophysiological Investigations of Retinogeniculate and Corticogeniculate Synapse Function
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Published on: August 7, 2019

Recurrent inhibitory network among striatal cholinergic interneurons.

Matthew A Sullivan1, Huanmian Chen, Hitoshi Morikawa

  • 1Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Section of Neurobiology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|August 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Cholinergic interneurons in the striatum connect via GABAergic neurons, creating recurrent inhibition. This novel circuit regulates sensorimotor learning and action selection.

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Inhibitory Synapse Formation in a Co-culture Model Incorporating GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons and HEK293 Cells Stably Expressing GABAA Receptors
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Published on: November 14, 2014

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Electrophysiological Investigations of Retinogeniculate and Corticogeniculate Synapse Function
09:09

Electrophysiological Investigations of Retinogeniculate and Corticogeniculate Synapse Function

Published on: August 7, 2019

Inhibitory Synapse Formation in a Co-culture Model Incorporating GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons and HEK293 Cells Stably Expressing GABAA Receptors
07:51

Inhibitory Synapse Formation in a Co-culture Model Incorporating GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons and HEK293 Cells Stably Expressing GABAA Receptors

Published on: November 14, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cellular Neuroscience
  • Systems Neuroscience

Background:

  • The striatum is crucial for sensorimotor learning and action selection.
  • Cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) significantly influence striatal output but their regulation is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the microcircuit regulation of tonically active cholinergic interneurons in the striatum.

Main Methods:

  • Using rat brain slices, we performed electrophysiological recordings.
  • Stimulation of intrastriatal cholinergic fibers and dual recordings from ChIs were employed.
  • Pharmacological manipulations with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists were used.

Main Results:

  • Stimulating cholinergic fibers evoked polysynaptic GABA(A) inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in ChIs, mediated by nicotinic receptors.
  • Activation of single ChIs elicited polysynaptic GABAergic inhibition in themselves and neighboring ChIs.
  • This recurrent inhibition transiently suppressed tonic ChI firing.

Conclusions:

  • A novel striatal microcircuit is proposed where ChIs connect via GABAergic interneurons.
  • This circuit enables nicotinic excitation of GABAergic neurons, leading to widespread recurrent inhibition of ChIs.
  • This mechanism may regulate striatal function in sensorimotor processing.