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Related Concept Videos

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops resemble the...
Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops resemble the...
Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
Eukaryotic Evolution01:24

Eukaryotic Evolution

The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
Contrary to the endosymbiont theory, the eukaryote-first hypothesis proposes that the simpler prokaryotic and...
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Embryo Microinjection and Electroporation in the Chordate Ciona intestinalis
09:38

Embryo Microinjection and Electroporation in the Chordate Ciona intestinalis

Published on: October 16, 2016

Urochordate genomes.

N Satoh1, T Kawashima, E Shoguchi

  • 1Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.

Genome Dynamics
|August 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Urochordate genomes, like those of Ciona intestinalis, offer insights into basic chordate gene sets. These tunicates, closely related to vertebrates, reveal fundamental genome dynamics without extensive gene duplication.

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The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions
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Expression of Fluorescent Proteins in Branchiostoma lanceolatum by mRNA Injection into Unfertilized Oocytes
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Expression of Fluorescent Proteins in Branchiostoma lanceolatum by mRNA Injection into Unfertilized Oocytes

Published on: January 12, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Embryo Microinjection and Electroporation in the Chordate Ciona intestinalis
09:38

Embryo Microinjection and Electroporation in the Chordate Ciona intestinalis

Published on: October 16, 2016

The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions
07:34

The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions

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Expression of Fluorescent Proteins in Branchiostoma lanceolatum by mRNA Injection into Unfertilized Oocytes
09:31

Expression of Fluorescent Proteins in Branchiostoma lanceolatum by mRNA Injection into Unfertilized Oocytes

Published on: January 12, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Urochordates (tunicates) are evolutionarily significant as the sister group to vertebrates.
  • Key chordate features are present in urochordates, making them crucial for comparative genomics.
  • Draft genomes of ascidians (Ciona intestinalis, C. savignyi) and larvaceans (Oikopleura dioica) are available.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze and annotate the urochordate genome, particularly Ciona intestinalis.
  • To understand the basic set of chordate genes and compare them to vertebrate genomes.
  • To investigate urochordate-specific genomic innovations and their implications for vertebrate genome evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Genome sequencing and draft assembly.
  • Intensive gene model annotation supported by cDNAs.
  • Two-color fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for chromosome mapping.

Main Results:

  • The Ciona intestinalis genome is ~160 Mbp with ~16,000 protein-coding genes, representing a basic chordate gene set.
  • Approximately 65% of the C. intestinalis genome mapped to its 14 chromosomes.
  • Oikopleura dioica genome is ~60 Mbp with a compact gene arrangement.

Conclusions:

  • Urochordate genomes provide a model for understanding fundamental chordate gene organization.
  • Lineage-specific innovations like horizontal gene transfer (cellulose synthase) and trans-splicing are noted.
  • Urochordates are valuable models for studying vertebrate genome dynamics.