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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Using Home-based, Remotely Supervised, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Phantom Limb Pain
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Stability of phantom limb phenomena after upper limb amputation: a longitudinal study.

J P Hunter1, J Katz, K D Davis

  • 1Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Neuroscience
|August 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Phantom limb (PL) awareness remained stable post-amputation, influenced by functional prosthesis use. Stump pain and PL pain progression were not simply linked to sensory function or prosthesis type.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Sensory Physiology

Background:

  • Amputation can lead to stump pain (SP) and phantom limb (PL) phenomena, including sensations and pain.
  • The underlying mechanisms may involve neuroplasticity and altered residual limb sensory function.
  • Longitudinal data on the progression of these post-amputation sensory experiences are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To longitudinally evaluate the stability of and relationships among subjective reports of PL sensations, pain, awareness, SP, and sensory function in upper-extremity amputees.
  • To investigate the influence of functional versus cosmetic prosthesis use on these phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • 11 individuals with recent unilateral upper-extremity amputation were assessed within 6 months and 1-3 years post-amputation.

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Using Home-based, Remotely Supervised, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Phantom Limb Pain
06:13

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Application of a Dual Upper Limb Task-Oriented Robotic System for the Functional Recovery of the Upper Limb in Stroke Patients
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  • Evaluated subjective reports of SP, PL sensations, pain, and awareness.
  • Measured stump tactile and tactile spatial acuity thresholds.
  • Assessed functional versus cosmetic prosthesis use.

    • Main Results:

    • Tactile sensory processing from the stump remained stable over time.
    • Phantom limb awareness was frequent, stable, and intense, occurring with or without PL sensations.
    • Functional prosthesis use correlated with stable, vivid PL awareness; cosmetic prosthesis use was linked to less vivid awareness at follow-up.
    • Initial SP correlated with follow-up SP, and initial PL pain correlated with follow-up PL pain.
    • Neither SP nor limb temperature correlated with changes in PL pain intensity over time.

    Conclusions:

    • Phantom limb pain 1-3 years post-amputation is not simply related to peripheral sensory function, SP, or limb temperature.
    • Phantom limb awareness, but not PL pain, may be influenced by the frequent use of a functional prosthesis.