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Related Concept Videos

Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Chickenpox01:20

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Its transmission occurs primarily through the inhalation of respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicular fluid from skin lesions. The incubation period typically ranges from 10 to 21 days, during which the virus replicates and disseminates through sequential phases within the host. Although generally self-limiting in children,...
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever01:26

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.
Inhalation Anthrax01:25

Inhalation Anthrax

Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium. It primarily affects herbivorous animals but can be transmitted to humans through skin contact, ingestion, or inhalation of spores.Cutaneous anthrax, the most common form, typically results from direct contact with bacterial spores through skin abrasions and is generally less severe. Gastrointestinal anthrax results from eating undercooked or contaminated meat. It affects the mouth, throat, or...
Rab Cascades01:25

Rab Cascades

Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Vaccinia Virus Infection &amp; Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 2
10:55

Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 2

Published on: April 10, 2009

[Smallpox is a dormant volcano].

D K L'vov, V V Zverev, A L Gintsburg

    Voprosy Virusologii
    |September 2, 2008
    PubMed
    Summary

    The risk of a smallpox epidemic is increasing due to widespread Orthopoxvirus, potential permafrost virus survival, and lack of immunity. Urgent research is needed for rapid diagnostics and effective vaccines/therapeutics.

    Area of Science:

    • Virology
    • Epidemiology
    • One Health

    Context:

    • Rodent-associated Orthopoxvirus natural foci exist across diverse global climates.
    • Equatorial Africa faces an escalating monkeypox epidemic with increased human mortality.
    • Potential for virus persistence in permafrost-buried human cadavers poses a risk.

    Purpose:

    • To highlight the heightened risk of a smallpox epidemic due to multiple factors.
    • To identify critical knowledge gaps in rapid diagnostics, preventive vaccines, and therapeutics.
    • To emphasize the need for basic research into viral biodiversity, pathogenesis, and evolution.

    Summary:

    • Global Orthopoxvirus presence, rising monkeypox mortality, permafrost virus persistence, and waning immunity increase epidemic risk.

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    Vaccinia Virus Infection &amp; Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 2
    10:55

    Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 2

    Published on: April 10, 2009

    Vaccinia Virus Infection &amp; Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 3
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    Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 3

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    Vaccinia Virus Infection &amp; Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 1
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    Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 1

    Published on: April 8, 2009

  • Current healthcare systems lack field-ready diagnostics and effective, mass-producible vaccines or treatments.
  • Urgent basic research on viral properties and evolution is crucial, potentially requiring live virus studies.

    • Impact:

    • Increased risk of a devastating smallpox epidemic in the near future.
    • Lack of preparedness for rapid diagnosis and effective countermeasures.
    • Necessity for foundational scientific studies to address emerging infectious disease threats.