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Related Concept Videos

Organic Compounds03:02

Organic Compounds

All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
Due to the absence of continuous overlap of p...
Carbon Skeletons01:12

Carbon Skeletons

Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side chains...
The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...

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Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Transformation of Organic Household Leftovers into a Peat Substitute
08:43

Transformation of Organic Household Leftovers into a Peat Substitute

Published on: July 9, 2019

Carbon neutral hydrocarbons.

Frank S Zeman1, David W Keith

  • 1Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, 918 S. W. Mudd, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA. fsz1@columbia.edu

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|September 2, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Carbon neutral hydrocarbons (CNHCs) offer a promising solution for reducing transportation emissions. These synthetic fuels, made from atmospheric CO2 and hydrogen, are compatible with current infrastructure, enabling gradual, low-disruption deployment.

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Area of Science:

  • Climate change mitigation strategies
  • Sustainable fuel development

Background:

  • Transportation sector emissions present a significant challenge to climate change mitigation efforts.
  • Decarbonized energy carriers are crucial but may face infrastructure limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore carbon neutral hydrocarbons (CNHCs) as a complementary pathway for deep emission reductions in transportation.
  • To assess the feasibility and advantages of CNHCs compared to other decarbonization strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesizing liquid fuels from atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon-neutral hydrogen.
  • Evaluating CO2 capture methods, including biomass and air capture.
  • Assessing fuel compatibility with existing transportation infrastructure.

Main Results:

  • CNHCs are liquid fuels compatible with current infrastructure, allowing gradual deployment.
  • Biomass fuel viability depends on environmental impacts; air capture may be favored due to land-use constraints.
  • CNHCs offer a viable alternative to hydrogen or conventional biofuels.

Conclusions:

  • Carbon neutral hydrocarbons (CNHCs) represent a viable strategy for decarbonizing the transportation sector.
  • CNHCs complement other decarbonization efforts and warrant significant research and support.
  • The compatibility of CNHCs with existing infrastructure facilitates widespread adoption with minimal disruption.