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Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

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Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2,...
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Endogenous modulators for drug dependence.

Kiyofumi Yamada1

  • 1Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan. kyamada@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin
|September 2, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Drug addiction involves brain changes affecting reward pathways and cravings. Targeting pro-addictive and anti-addictive factors offers new therapeutic strategies for dependence.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder marked by compulsive use and intense cravings.
  • The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system and prefrontal cortex are key in drug reward and craving.
  • Chronic drug use induces synaptic changes contributing to dependence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of endogenous modulators, specifically cytokines and proteinases, in drug dependence.
  • To classify these modulators into pro-addictive and anti-addictive factors.
  • To investigate the therapeutic potential of targeting these factors for addiction treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on brain molecular changes during drug abuse.
  • Classification of endogenous modulators based on their effect on drug reward.
  • Analysis of the contribution of pro- and anti-addictive factors to addiction development and relapse.

Main Results:

  • Cytokines and proteinases are produced in the brain following drug abuse.
  • Pro-addictive factors (e.g., FGF2, BDNF, tPA, MMP-2, MMP-9) enhance drug reward.
  • Anti-addictive factors (e.g., TNF-α, GDNF) reduce drug reward.

Conclusions:

  • An imbalance between pro-addictive and anti-addictive factors is implicated in drug dependence and relapse.
  • Targeting these endogenous modulators presents a promising avenue for novel addiction therapies.